On Morphology of Thermoplastic Polyester Elastomer (TPE-E) Research Paper

On Morphology of Thermoplastic Polyester Elastomer (TPE-E) - Research Paper Example The astounding adaptability and utility of TPE-Es is a result of their particular structures. TPE-Es have a biphasic structure with one stage staying delicate at room temperature and the other staying hard at room temperature (Holden 2010). The delicate fragments are nebulous while the hard sections are organized/crystalline, and both the portions are immiscible (Jelinski, Schilling and Bovey 1981; Sarwade and Singh 2003). The hard section becomes fluidic when warmed and confers a thermoplastic nature to the polymer, while the delicate fragment grants an elastomeric nature (Sarwade and Singh 2003; Holden 2010). The hard sections structure noncovalent systems that are thermally reversible, depending on intramolecular cooperations for their steadiness (Jelinski, Schilling and Bovey 1981). A straightforward TPE-E copolymer structure contains rotating A-B-A squares, where An is the hard stage, and B is the delicate stage (Holden 2010). The hard and delicate stages are haphazardly joined head-to-tail, yielding the copolymers (Witsiepe 1973). The general structure of TPE-E copolymers is as per the following: SOFT HARD if there should be an occurrence of TPE-Es, the delicate stage involves polyethers while the hard stage includes polyesters. By shifting the general measures of every one of these two stages, the properties of the copolymer can be balanced (Witsiepe 1973). Electron infinitesimal examinations by Cella have demonstrated that stage partition happens in these polyether-polyether co-polymers underneath their softening focuses (refered to in Witsiepe 1973). The morphology of TPE-Es contains the delicate fragment (polyether), which is the consistent indistinct stage alongside blended sections of polyesters that have not been solidified due to their little size, high dissolve thickness or because of chain snare (Witsiepe 1973). While a portion of the polyesters stay as short fragments in the delicate constant stage, the rest of the polyesters exist as firmly as sociated fibrillar crystalline lamellae. This crystalline system of the hard stage alongside the delicate undefined nonstop stage frames a flexible system. In basic terms, as portrayed by Witsiepe (1973), â€Å"a pretty much constant crystalline system is superimposed on a consistent formless network† (p. 50). The synthetic structure of hard and delicate periods of a thermoplastic elastomer (TPE) influences its mechanical properties. Thusly, by trying different things with various mixes, TPEs with novel properties can be produced for mechanical purposes. Instances of mechanically noticeable TPE-Es incorporate Hytrel, Ecdel, RTP, Pibiflex, Keyflex and Riflex (Fakirov 2005). Hytrel designing thermoplastic elastomer is a TPE-Es made by E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Co. (Jelinski, Schilling and Bovey 1981; Fakirov 2005). This elastomer is accessible in changing sytheses of m teramethyline terephthalate, which is the hard fragment, and n poly (tetramethyleneoxy) terephthalate, whic h is the delicate section (Jelinski, Schilling and Bovey 1981). The concoction structure of Hytrel is demonstrated as follows: Like all TPE-Es, Hytrel has the adaptability and flexibility of rubbers and the quality and inflexibility of plastics, is as effectively processable as thermoplastics and comes in both norm and elite evaluations with a Shore D hardness extending from 30 to 82 (Fakirov 2005). C13 NMR concentrates by Jelinski, Schilling and Bovey (1981) have demonstrated that the widths of the aliphatic carbon chain of the delicate fragment of Hytrel are a direct capacity of the normal length of the hard

No Magic in William Shakespeare’s Words Essay -- Biography Biographies

No Magic in Shakespeare’s Words A decent work of fiction is more prominent than the entirety of words the creator put resources into it. Shakespeare is an extraordinary dramatist since his plays bear the heap of much theory and innovativeness from every one of its translators, not on the grounds that he thought of each conceivable last detail and image and explained it obviously. The synergistic adaptability of a play is particularly significant to plays that originate before the accentuation on innovation and copyright that turned out to be increasingly essential to writing in the eighteenth century as writers like Coleridge and different Romantics started to praise the temperances of creative mind and individual inventiveness. In Shakespeare’s time, one’s work was not one’s own. At the point when a work was offered to a distributer, it had a place with the distributer to be altered and modified how he picked. When composing for a theater, similar to Shakespeare, the play was reasonable game for anybody in the organization to alter and fix. An acting organization purchased the play similarly as a distributer would. Plays were likewise oftentimes written in groups for speed, since in the late 1580’s and mid 1590’s when Shakespeare was beginning, the ordinance of English dramatization was not exactly 10 years old, all plays w ere debut plays, with new ones being presented each fortnight. Adjustments were made continually, as exhausted on-screen characters included or transposed lines from others of the twenty jobs they were performing simultaneously, scenes were added to permit time for outfit changes, or the edits required line or plot changes. The writer, or one of the writers who each had composed a demonstration or distributed from the frameworks play, or maybe some of the entertainers dramatist was close by during the practice procedure to make emendations to the play. The second 50% of Sha... ... Along these lines, Shakespeare can remain our social saint, and what doesn’t work need not be totally cut, yet is comprehended as the debris of the timespan in which he lived staying in the work. In this manner, it isn't so much that Shakespeare shows up as a piece of Elizabethan culture, yet rather that Elizabethan culture shows up as a piece of Shakespeare(Shepherd and Womack, 92). Theater is community oriented in the outrageous, and present day perspectives about initiation and creativity can't change that reality. In this way, it isn't Shakespeare that jam Shakespeare’s functions as the English language’s most prominent works; the individuals keep on creating his plays. Regardless of how the work is performed, cut, modified, refreshed, this is the thing that keeps Shakespeare alive. There is no enchantment in Shakespeare’s words that his perusers didn't present on it. We make or break a work’s significance.

Surviving (and thriving) the Video Essay COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Surviving (and thriving) the Video Essay COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog Photo Credit Remember: The video essay is available after you submit your application and pay the application fee. The Video Essay component of the application process can seem terrifying, but fear not because we are here to help! At this point, you might feel both relieved at having submitted your application and tired that there’s the final final step to complete the application. We’ve been there and totally get it. It’s 100% normal! In writing this post, we found that each of us prepared for the video essay differently, which means there is no one ‘right’ way to prepare as everyone has their own process when it comes to it. We brainstormed on what we felt worked and also what we wish we had known when we were preparing. Here are the main steps we took to prepare for the Video Essay: Prepare like it’s an interviewor a first date George-Ann MIA 20 The video essay is a conversation between yourself and the Admissions team. There’s no judgement or pressure to be uber gregarious. Instead, prepare to chat about anything from pressing current affairs issues to your favorite flavor of ice cream. Read some news articles about current affairs, write and practise some talking points about yourself, relax, and, most importantly, be yourself. Unlike an interview, theres no expectation for you to be fully kitted out in a suit and tie â€" dressing comfortably is fine. Just remember that this is an externally facing video so wear something that you’d be comfortable wearing meeting new people. Give yourself time Stuart MIA 20 Remember, you can only start the video essay after completing the rest of the application, so its important to give yourself plenty of time prior to the application deadline. As with anything,  technical issues are certainly a possibility, and you don’t want you to be stressed about missing the deadline. One thing that all of us did early in the process was test our microphone and camera. I personally used Skype to test everything prior to even accessing the video essay, but you will also do this in Testing Mode within the video essay application. I also made sure the lighting was good and the microphone could clearly capture my voice (try to complete the essay in an area with limited background noise or use a headset). Looking and sounding my best helped improve my confidence, and I’d certainly recommend starting early as one of the best ways to make your video essay experience go smoothly. If you do encounter technical issues, don’t panic, you’re not the only one. First, follow the steps outlined  here to try to troubleshoot the issue. If that doesn’t resolve your issue, contact the admissions office immediately and they can provide further assistance. Take It Easy Steven MIA 20 So, I did the exact opposite of what George-Ann said and got decked out in a suit and tie (oops) and it was completely unnecessary (still looked good, though). I got way too amped for my question and almost stumbled out the gate. If I were to do it over again I would: Breathe and take a couple of seconds to read the question. If it is a policy question you know well, don’t try to jam all your knowledge into the video. Just answer the question and tag on anything extra after if there’s time. If it is a policy question you don’t know much about, focus more on what you have heard and what you think about it, or possible future developments of the topic. If it’s question about yourself, don’t overthink it, just speak calmly and slowly. Don’t be too concerned about providing the “right” answer. Make those 60 seconds count Nabila MPA 20 Yay, you’re ready to do that Video Essay! Once you’re done with Testing Mode, click the green READY button. This will give you your official prompt question. You will have 60 seconds to prepare for your answer so use those 60 seconds wisely! But, no pressure. Really. No Pressure. When I was preparing for the video essay, the general consensus on graduate school forums is that there is no one type of question. So I figured I should think about how I can best tackle any answer that comes my way, since the questions can really range from Brexit to the ideal SIPA student. My solution was to focus on structure, structure, structure. The general framework I used is a high-level essay structure. Effectively, a clear and concise 30-second elevator pitch that answers the question. When answering my question (Sadly, I forgot the question the moment I was done with the video essay because, adrenaline), I listed 3 points/ideas as a starting point and built it up by including examples to support those points. While I was tempted to go into a lot of details, I felt that the more ideas I had, the less clear my answers would be since 60 seconds goes by so quickly. You’d be surprised how much you can get done in 60 seconds when you need to! After that I took a deep breath to calm my nerves, and to remind myself to speak slowly, as I watched the seconds countdown to deliver the answer. Lastly, remember there’s more to the application than your Video Essay. The video essay is just one component of the application and it provides the Admissions Committee a sense of who you are given there is no opportunity for interviews. So just remember this is not the do-or-die factor for your application. Good luck! Want more resources? Click here for a walkthrough of how to access the app and what it looks like, see this post. Click here for a post on what to expect in the Video Essay.

Eagle Metaphor - 1607 Words

Material is a story about a young mans search to find his inner self. Michael Byers, also the protagonist in the short story, writes a story filled with different accounts of a summer he spent on a fish processor barge in order to relate his struggle to overcome issues that have plagued him as a writer and as person in general. Foremost, Byers worked on the barge to make money for college. A second underlying reason that Byers works on the barge is to find material to ignite his writing. During the time he spends on the barge he grows as a writer, but more importantly as a man. His uncles, which help him find the job for the summer, are men that Byers looks upon with admiration, describing them as massively, thrilling competent people†¦show more content†¦He saw them as men who took on a tough mans job. He states in the story that he made mental notes while on the airplane ride to Alaska of the type of men that were aboard the airplane with him. They were men that had rough, manly build to them. From the beginning of the story one gets a sense that Michael is not one of these men. He makes it a point to point out that he was completely opposite of these men. The differences that Michael observed not only included the size and look of these men, rather it also included the personality types that these men had about them. They were not ordinary men, as an ordinary man does not work in the cold waters of Alaska in an extremely dangerous job such as Artic fishing. It takes a man with courage. The first step that Michael took to attain the courage that he talks about later in life was actually working on the barge that summer. His wife and friend could not even belief that he actually worked on the barge. When he told the story, his wife joked that she did not really believe that Michael Byers, the same lanky Michael Byers, had actually worked on a barge. The eagle metaphor shows the process that Michael had to go through in order to fulfill his real quest that summer, not entirely his monetary needs, but the need to find courage to break away from his parents. The eagle sat in Dennys arms without fighting back. An eagle is an animal that is known to have a fierce and upfront personality.Show MoreRelatedHow Music Has Influenced The World980 Words   |  4 Pages1970s music industry transitioned the rebelliousness of the 1960s to the jubilant musical compositions of the 1980s. The American recording industry in the 1970s was a coalescence of many genres, most predominately disco, funk, and classic rock. The Eagles were classified as classic rock, which was expanded over the preceding decade. One of their top hits Hotel California, verbalizes a very subtle message, that many misinterpret the meaning of. In actuality, we surmise it verbalizes the devil and hisRead MoreThe Eagles As A Backup Band For Linda Ronstadt1471 Words   |  6 PagesBetter Let Somebody Love you The Eagles started out as any other band would by strumming their guitars and beating the drums in their garage of their parents house. Later, they began their real career as a backup band for Linda Ronstadt. The Eagles began as an all American Rock band in Los Angeles in 1971 by band members Glenn Frey, Don Henley, Bernie Leadon, and Randy Meisner. The Eagles, being number one in the world in the 70’s, have been given awards for their creativity and meaning in theirRead MoreThe Most Schizophrenic Literary Terms1458 Words   |  6 PagesThe Most Schizophrenic Literary Terms Mixtape in Existence 1. Allegory Hotel California- Eagles Contrary to a seemingly pervasive belief, the Eagles Hotel California isnt an ode to Satanism. Rather, the song serves as an ominous warning about the self destructive nature of greed and as a pointed criticism of the wildly hedonistic lifestyle frequently espoused during the 1970s. The Hotel California spoken of in the song serves as an allegory for a lifestyle that is undeniably alluring,Read MoreAnalysis Of Hotel California By The Eagles961 Words   |  4 PagesI have always enjoyed music with strong, meaningful lyrics so this option was the obvious choice for my final. I find myself constantly listening to music and have listened to â€Å"Hotel California† by The Eagles more times than I can count, making it another obvious choice for me. Although, when reading through the lyrics the first time, I realized that I had never understood the song meaning and the theme it is intended to portray. It was interesting to read through it with my own, as opposed to hearingRead MoreL anguage1186 Words   |  5 Pagescircumstances in which to use them. 1. Describe the meaning and function of each term. 1. Idiom is a language, dialect or speaking style peculiar to a people. 2. Analogy is a similarity between two like subjects on which a comparison can be based. 3. Metaphor is a figure of speech in which a term or phrase is applied to which is not literally applicable in order to suggest a resemblance. 4. Simile is a figure of speech in which two unlike things are explicably compared. 5. Clichà © is a sentence orRead MoreA Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey, By William Wordsworth And On First Looking Into Chapman s Homer1190 Words   |  5 Pageshis feeling of sublimity from reading Chapman s English translation. For instance, â€Å"Or like stout Cortez when with eagle eyes† (11). This simile demonstrates reading Chapman’s translation feels as if like the substitution of Cortez, and it compares with the feeling of what Cortez has experienced given that he was the first European to discover the Pacific Ocean. In addition, metaphors, which are very similar to similes, are also often used to compare one thing with another thing of a different kindRead MoreMaking Characters Come Alive in Modern Literature, Part 11281 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"John has a face like a cabbage† can be converted to â€Å"Johns cabbage-like face is easily recognized in a crowd.† In writing a characters description, authors should find a balance between simile and colorful adjective. The Trap of Metaphors The mixed metaphor gets first prize at exposing inexperienced authors, or simply those who just dont really care when writing a description (and regular authors, as well). To wit: â€Å"Without his pistol, John is a bird shot from the sky, his very foundationRead MoreA Lexical Pragmatic Analysis of Proverbs in Femi Osofisan’s Midnight Hotel.1504 Words   |  7 Pagesat least an ad hoc constituent which requires semantic modulation to get at the meanings of the proverbs. This modulation is not arbitrary, but contextually negotiated until the reader reaches his optimal relevance. Wilson and Carston argue that metaphors are cases of ad hoc constructions (7), for instance, when a speaker says, ‘The boy is a lion’. While a literary scholar would see this as metaphorical, Wilson and Carston believe that the above sentence is a case of the use of an ad hoc constituent-lion-Read MoreTennyson s The Arrow And The Charge Of The Light Brigade950 Words   |  4 PagesTennyson wrote, â€Å"The Eagle† and â€Å"The Charge Of The Light Brigade† was the ones that have been selected. Tennyson was one of the greats that came from the Victorian era. Tennyson wasn’t just known for being a poet, he was also known for writing plays and music. There will be some comparing and contrasting of â€Å"The Eagle† and â€Å"The Charge Of The Light Brigade† on the poetic devices Tennyson used and what inspired him to write both these poems. Tennyson was inspired to write â€Å"The Eagle† when he went toRead More Using Animals Symbolically by Using Poetic Devices Essay627 Words   |  3 PagesDevices I will be discussing the ways in which the poets use animals symbolically by using poetic devices. The three poems that I have chosen are â€Å"The Tyger† by William Blake, â€Å"The Eagle† by Alfred, Lord Tennyson. Lastly, Pied Beauty by Gerard Manley Hopkins. Alfred Lord Tennyson has used an image of an eagle to give the reader an image of a man standing on a cliff top waiting for his world to fall around him. He is in a desolate area; there is no society near him â€Å"ringed with the azure world

The Run Down on Buy Essays Online Exposed

The Run Down on Buy Essays Online Exposed The Buy Essays Online Trap Essays are definitely the most common kinds of academic assignments that students need to do. Since you can see, we're prepared to produce a well written and exceptional paper even in many hours. Essay paper is just one of the most frequent tasks many students want to take care of. If you've got an already written paper or only a draft, we'll allow you to compose a perfect essay and receive the maximum grade. The Downside Risk of Buy Essays Online Our work is to create certain that each customer is matched with the most perfect expert, which means you make the most of our services. If you wish to obtain an essay online, our group of capable professionals is prepared to provide help. You should do the exact same for our services. Our service is totally confidential. The History of Buy Essays Online Refuted You are going to be able to find all kinds of assistance with us. In the event you were wondering w here to get an essay online, the solution is a writing service. With our help you can get an essay just in a couple of clicks of your mouse. If you would like to purchase essay and have several questions, we'll do anything it requires to supply you with all essential info and provide full reaction to all of your questions. Naturally, in case there are many people eager to purchase essay, the demand becomes answered by supply, as easy as that. You may believe that our finest writers are so high-flying that there isn't any chance for you to keep in contact with them during a paper writing process. With us, you won't ever get stuck without on-demand assistance. You can rest assured that in the event that you choose to purchase essay online safe at our site, your money, time and nerves won't be wasted even a bit. No other site available on the market extends to you an opportunity to get papers online of such a wonderful quality at our reasonable rates. Our site includes a quick form whereby you place your purchase easily by providing some particulars. When you get a paper online, you're purchasing a guarantee. You'll realize that you can purchase an essay online cheap from us whenever you require it the moment you find the grade of the initial one you order. Academic writing isn't an effortless th ing. Thus, you should buy essays to ensure that it will not include plagiarism. Writing an essay can pose many difficulties, especially if it's the case that you don't have lots of experience. Essay writing one would say it's a very simple undertaking. Our professional writers can create any academic writing. Our professional on-line service only hires people that are highly experienced in regards to writing essays. When you purchase an essay online, it's a minefield. On our site, you're able to easily order custom essay papers that are crafted by a group of expert writers. The Fundamentals of Buy Essays Online Revealed To get essay is an excellent way out. To obtain an essay in the united kingdom look no further than here. Thus, don't hesitate to contact BestEssayHelp any time you choose to purchase essay online. What's more, we've made it simple for you to purchase your essay online. Using Ultius to assist you with your essay writing is not simply convenient, but in addition it contributes to better outcomes. When you purchase essay paper from us, you acquire a fantastic and pleasant experience. Nowadays it's not hard to obtain essays online since the procedure is fast and private. Essays seem to be among the crucial tasks many students will need to handle at distinct phases of their studying. Purchasing essays on the internet is a superb idea as it guarantees quality content and therefore excellent grades. Normally, students are on a limited budget, so they're hunting for low-cost research papers to order. You have many options when you should get essays online, but we are confident you will observe the difference that BestEssayHelp has to offer you. Our custom writing service supplies a wide variety of essays from all possible areas of study. If you are searching for a place to have a high-quality customized essay, you're at the ideal spot. While you considering whether to purchase essays, it's a superb concept to look at the advantages of employing a customized sample writing service like Ultius. Delivering custom essays is how we've been making our living, and because you see, we've been pretty profitable. It's now absolutely crucial that you purchase essay from us if you're genuinely seriously interested in becoming as big of a success as possible in the years to come. An increasing amount of writing companies has made the life of contemporary students much simpler. You are able to communicate with them during the writing procedure and know the advancement of your content. You merely save time that could be spent with much greater benefit.

Explain and assess Haidt’s ‘moral foundations’ theory Free Essays

string(170) " As there are a multitude of adaptive challenges faced by human beings, it seems likely that there are also many different mental tools fitted for a variety of purposes\." Introduction This essay will explain and assess Moral Foundations Theory (MFT), which was originally developed by Haidt, and which he has since worked on with a number of collaborators. The first part of this essay will outline the philosophical background of the theory, especially its relationship to Continental rationalism and British empiricism. This will be followed by an explanation and description of Haidt’s Social Intuitionist Model (SIM), which provides the essential mechanism by which MFT functions. We will write a custom essay sample on Explain and assess Haidt’s ‘moral foundations’ theory or any similar topic only for you Order Now Next will come an unpacking and explanation of the general claims of MFT, and the specific foundations it postulates. Finally, there will be an assessment of some of the various critiques of the theory, during which its strengths and weaknesses will be considered. It will be concluded that MFT is a strong theory on the whole, which builds on firm philosophical and scientific foundations and provides good descriptive representation of moral systems. MFT rejects the rationalist notion that morality can be accessed by a priori reason. Put simply, there are four main justifications for this: (1) there are two cognitive processes that occur in humans – reasoning and intuition – the former of which has been overemphasized; (2) reasoning is frequently motivated by other concerns; (3) the reasoning process tends to construct post hoc justifications, even though we experience the illusion of objective reasoning; and (4) moral action covaries with moral emotion more frequently than with moral reasoning. This is the heritage of Continental philosophy, whose champions were figures such as Descartes and Kant. The philosophical forerunners to MFT were the British empiricist philosophers, especially Shaftesbury, Hutcheson, Hume, and Smith. These men believed, to quote Hume, ‘that Reason is, and ought only to be the slave of the passions, and can never pretend to any other office than to serve and obey them.’ In phil osophy, this position now falls within the school of intuitionism. This ‘refers to the view that there are moral truths and that when people grasp these truths they do so not by a process of ratiocination and reflection but rather by a process more akin to perception.’ The social element comes in because intuition occurs in relation to other people. As Haidt puts it, ‘when faced with a social demand for a verbal justification, one becomes a lawyer trying to build a case rather than a judge searching for the truth’. Based on this intellectual heritage, Haidt developed the ‘Social Intuitionist Model’ (SIM). It is important to explain this properly because the ‘SIM is the prequel to MFT’, and provides the mechanism by which the latter works. There are a series of links in the SIM that explain how people relate to moral problems. The first is the intuitive judgement link. ‘The model proposes that moral judgments appear in consciousness automatically and effortlessly as the result of moral intuitions’. The second is post hoc reasoning. This entails moral reasoning (rather than judgement), which is an ‘effortful’ process in which individuals search for support for an existing, intuitive moral judgement. Research has revealed that ‘everyday reasoning is heavily marred by the biased search only for reasons that support one’s already-stated hypothesis.’ The third is the reasoned persuasion link. This is the process by which the indi vidual verbalises their reasoning in an attempt to persuade others of the validity of their already-made position. This reasoning can sometimes affect the views of others, but this rarely happens because moral judgements are not based on logical arguments but on intuition. It has been hypothesised that persuasion, when it occurs, is effective because it elicits new intuitive judgements in the listener. The importance of using affective persuasion to change affectively based attitudes has been demonstrated by Edwards and von Hippel. The fourth is the social persuasion link. Due to the fact that people are so receptive to the development of group norms, ‘the mere fact that friends, allies, and acquaintances have made a moral judgment exerts a direct influence on others, even if no reasoned persuasion is used’. This may indicate only outward conformity on occasion, but researchers have shown that private judgements can often be directly influenced by the views of others. There are two additional links that are hypothesised. One is the ‘reasoned judgment link’ by which people may at times reason their way to a judgment by sheer force of logic, overriding their initial intuition’. This tends to occur, however, when the ‘initial intuition is weak and processing capacity is high’. In other cases, it frequently leads to a kind of dualist way of thinking, where reasoned judgment is revealed verbally but the intuition continues to operate. Interestingly, on this point MFT diverges from the moral theory of Hume and the argument from pure intuition. If this link does exists, there is no explanation of how one can reason their way to a set of premises or axioms that can be used to support logic argument – unless, of course, they reason in a circle. The other link is the ‘private reflection link’, through which moral reasoning can have an indirect causal effect on moral judgement by triggering a new intuition . This is said to be why role-taking is so effective in creating new moral judgments. As Haidt puts it, ‘Simply by putting oneself into the shoes of another person, one may instantly feel pain, sympathy, or other vicarious emotional responses.’ MFT makes several broad claims, which will be presented here in no particular order. Firstly, it rejects the assumption of monism that all moral systems are ultimately reducible to a single goal or principle, most commonly generalised as forms of ‘justice’, ‘pleasure’ or ‘happiness’. Instead, it is pluralist and contends that there are numerous (but finite) basic values or virtues. As Isaiah Berlin put it, ‘there is a plurality of ideals, as there is a plurality of cultures and of temperaments.’ This is derived from the fact that it is heavily influenced by evolutionary biology, especially the concepts of kin selection and reciprocal altruism. It also builds on more recent work by de Waal (1996), Ridley (1996), among others. As there are a multitude of adaptive challenges faced by human beings, it seems likely that there are also many different mental tools fitted for a variety of purposes. You read "Explain and assess Haidt’ s ‘moral foundations’ theory" in category "Essay examples" The second claim is intuitionism, which has already been discussed at some length. To reiterate briefly, it is the assertion that ‘moral judgments, like other evaluative judgments, tend to happen quickly’, without any considerable regard for reasoning or drawn out evaluation. This aspect is encapsulated by Haidt’s (2001) SIM. Moral reasoning (as opposed to moral judgment) is generally utilised for strategic purposes in order to ‘to explain, defend and justify our intuitive moral reactions to others’. The third claim is nativism, which is the belief that there is a set of innate predispositions within human beings (‘innate’ in this case means ‘organized in advance of experience’). These are determined by genetic inheritance, but the ‘first draft’ of moral development is malleable and is changed during childhood and to an extent even during adulthood. Graham et al. employ the metaphor of writing a book, distinguishing between nature’s ‘first draft’ and the ‘editing process’ that begins with experience. Morality, therefore, ‘is innate and highly dependent on environmental influences’. The belief that nature has installed a kind of ‘preparedness’ in certain species, one of which is humans, is suggested by studies of rhesus monkeys conducted by Mineka and Cook (1988). Graham et al. (2012) ‘think of this innate organization as being implemented by sets of related modules which work t ogether to guide and constrain responses to each particular problem.’ The final claim is that morality is influenced by cultural learning. This takes places through a set of ‘learning modules’, which are innate and can be used to build on one’s genetic inheritance. For example, the tendency to bow in deference or respect is common to many cultures, but this is adapted to locally-specific cultural contexts and by ‘the time a Hindu girl reaches adulthood, she will have developed culturally-specific knowledge that makes her automatically initiate bowing movements when she encounters, say, a respected politician for the first time.’ In an American household, however, this foundation might be dropped early on. Despite both girls starting off with the ‘same sets of universal learning modules†¦.the universal (and incomplete) first draft of the moral mind gets filled in and revised so that the child can successfully navigate the moral â€Å"matrix† he or she actually experiences.’ Different societies us e different foundations to build their moralities, and some use all of them. MFT, therefore, is an intuitionist theory contending that human moral systems are the combination of innate predispositions and cultural learning. Additionally, judgements are made rapidly on the basis of a plurality of in-built mechanisms, which have been ‘hardwired’ into humans over the course of our species’ evolution. The rest of this essay will present, explain, and assess, in no particular order, the specific foundations postulated by MFT. There are supposedly five or six empirically supported ‘foundations’ for moral judgements, but MFT allows for others being discovered in the future. The first is the care/harm foundation. Human offspring ‘are unusually dependent, and for an unusually long time’ and the intuitive reactions of females have been ‘optimized to detect signs of suffering, distress, or neediness’ for the purpose of raising more offspring. ‘The original triggers of the Care/harm foundation are ‘visual and auditory signs of suffering, distress, or neediness expressed by one’s own child’, but they can be activated by other children, baby animals, stuffed toys with childlike qualities, or descriptions of suffering. This foundation leads to the creation of terms such as ‘kind’ and ‘cruel’, which are valued differently by different cultures (e.g., classical Sparta vs. Buddhist societies). The second is the fairness/cheating foundation. Social animals face non-zero-sum games in which it is advantageous to cooperate. Creatures ‘whose minds are organized in advance of experience to be highly sensitive to evidence of cheating and cooperation, and to react with emotions that compel them to play â€Å"tit for tat†, had an advantage over those who had to figure out their next move using their general intelligence.’ Social partners with reputations for certain types of behaviour are therefore labelled with words such as ‘fair’, ‘just’, and ‘trustworthy’. The third is the loyalty/betrayal foundation. It was advantageous for our ancestors to form cohesive groups when competing for territory and resources. This same behaviour can be seen in troops of chimpanzees. So humans have developed an innate predisposition to form groups. This manifests today in numerous areas, from nationalism to sports and brand loyalty. The fourth is the authority/subversion foundation. Dominance hierarchies are common among many primates, and the ability to recognise and react by forming strategic relationships yielded an evolutionary advantage. Modules of the human mind in this foundation explain why we submit to many useful but constraining societal structures, such as the police force and political leaders. The varied development of this foundation explains why different societies (modern-day China vs. America) or groups (social conservatives vs. liberals) value authority in different ways. The fifth is the sanctity/degradation foundation. Human evolution carried adaptive challenges, such as moving from tree-based to ground-based living, living in larger, denser groups, and eating more meat, some of which was scavenged. This exposed us to a greater number of pathogens and parasites, and we therefore developed a pre-emptory, in-built sensitivity to factors other than the ‘sensory properties of potential foods, friends, and mates.’ ‘Disgust and the behavioral immune system have come to undergird a variety of moral reactions, e.g., to immigrants and sexual deviants’ There are numerous criticisms of MFT, most of which are directed at one of the four main claims undergirding it: nativism, plurality, cultural learning, and intuitionism. One problem with nativism, for example, is that it is difficult to determine the extent to which the mind is ‘hardwired’. As Graham et al., put it: ‘opinions range widely from minimalist positions, which say that there is hardly any writing on the â€Å"first draft† of the mind, to maximalist positions such as massive modularity’ Indeed, the ambiguity here has led some to criticise MFT, and nativism in general, on the grounds that it lacks empirical neuroscientific evidence for the existence of modules. However, this is not reasonable at present. Given that the field is yet to ‘find a set of genes that, collectively, explains 5% of the variance in how tall people are what chance is there that anyone will find a set of genes that code for mental modules (such as loyalty or sanct ity) whose expression is far more subject to cultural influence than is height?’ There is also considerable criticism of the emphasis MFT places on intuitionism. For example, some argue ‘that that intuition and reasoning are best seen as partners in a dance, in which either partner can lead and the other will follow.’ However, whatever the prominent role of reason, this seems misleading at the very least. As has been referenced already in this essay, and as Hume showed in his Treatise, it is not clear how reason can establish the first principles from which logical argument follows. Moral axioms cannot be given a logical foundation, and to the extent that they exist in nature and are ‘hardwired’, they cannot be expressed. Therefore, they are beyond realm of reason by their very nature. To say that reasoning can lead when it is necessarily guided by intuitive first principles is therefore unsupportable. Interesting critiques come from the monists, who disagree with the pluralism hypothesis. Gray et al. believe that the care/harm foundation is the only one that is truly foundational. Graham et al. (2012) call this Procrustean, citing the fact that certain moral judgements, such as disgust, appear not to be accounted for by the care/harm foundation. Their confidence in this matter, however, is arguably misplaced. Disgust over, say, a dirty environment could be seen as a cause of harm. Perhaps those creatures with a predisposition to avoid unclean environments encountered fewer pathogens, for example, or were at less risk of being exposed to small but dangerous creatures such as spiders and snakes. Clearly, emotions, such as disgust, can potentially be explained by the care/harm foundation. The difficulty here arises in attempting to make bold comment about the way our ancestors perceived the links between various phenomena and their effects. While it is possible to argue that matters of disgust have little to do with harm, perhaps there is link that has not yet been discovered. Some critics suggest that there should also be an oppression/liberty foundation. This is the potential sixth foundation being worked on by Haidt. Others point to the fact that MFT might be missing a waste/inefficiency foundation. These critiques focus on the particular pluralisms chosen for MFT. This is really a matter of fine-tuning, rather than any fundamental. This essay has sought to explain and assess Haidt’s MTF. It has emerged that its central claims are extremely well-founded. The SIM has strong roots that date back to the empirical tradition in Britain and which still have not been successfully overturned. With the developments in psychology, neuroscience, and evolutionary biology, both intuitionism and nativism rest on firm foundations. There are philosophical and other objections that can be targeted at the pluralism element of MFT. This is not to say that it is incorrect but rather that the confidence with which the claim is made is not justified. This essay has not sought to address deontological critiques of the MFT. There are those who would argue that MFT is asking the wrong questions, namely what morality is rather than what it should be. However, given that this problem was so adequately dealt with by Hume in his Treatise, it seems appropriate that scholars building on his legacy should develop a descriptive moral the ory instead. Bibliography Berlin, Isaiah, ‘My intellectual path’ in H. Hardy (ed.), The Power of Ideas 1-23, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2001 Bruner, Jerome, The process of education, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1960 Davis, Jody L.., Rusbult, Caryl, E. ‘Attitude alignment in close relationships’, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81 (2001), pp. 65-84 Edwards, Kari., von Hippel, William, ‘Hearts and minds: The priority of affective versus cognitive factors in person perception’, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 21 (1995), pp. 996-1011. Graham, Jesse, Haidt, Jonathan, Koleva, Sena., Motyl, Matt., Iyer, Ravi, Wojcik, Sean P. and Ditto, Peter. H, ‘Moral Foundations Theory: The Pragmatic Validity of Moral Pluralism’, Advances in Experimental Social Psychology (2012) Gray, Kurt, Young, Liana, and Waytz, Adam, ‘Mind perception is the essence of morality’, Psychological Inquiry, 23, (2012), pp. 101-124 Greenwald, Anthony. G., and Banaji, Mahzarin. R, ‘Implicit social cognition’, Psychological Review, 102, (1995), pp. 4-27 Haidt, Jonathan, The righteous mind: Why good people are divided by politics and religion. New York: Pantheon, 2012 Haidt, Jonathan, ‘The Emotional Dog and Its Rational Tail: A Social Intuitionist Approach to Moral Judgment’, Psychological Review, Vol. 108. No. 4 (2001), pp. 814-834 Joyce, Richard, The Evolution of Morality, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 2005 Mineka, Susan, Cook, M., ‘Social learning and the acquisition of snake fear in monkeys’, in Thomas. R. Zentall John. B. G. Galef (Eds.), Social learning: Psychological and biological perspectives (pp. 51-74). Hillsdale, N. J.: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1988 Narvaez, Darcia, ‘Moral complexity: The fatal attraction of truthiness and the importance of mature moral functioning’, Perspectives on Psychological Science, 5 (2010), pp. 163-181 Perkins, David. N., Farady, Mike., Bushey, B., ‘Everyday reasoning and the roots of intelligence’ in Voss, James F., Perkins, David N., and J. W. Segal (Eds.), Informal reasoning and education (pp. 83-105). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, 1991 Skitka, Linda J. ‘The psychological foundations of moral conviction†, in Wright, Jennifer and Sarkissian Ryan H (eds) Advances in Moral Psychology (pp.267-281), Bloomsbury Academic Press, 2010 [Accessed 09/03/2014] http://tigger.uic.edu/~lskitka/Foundations.pdf Suhler, Christopher. L., Churchland, Patricia, ‘Can innate, modular â€Å"foundations† explain moralityChallenges for Haidt’s moral foundations theory’, Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 23(9) (2011), pp. 2103-2116 Williams, Bernard, ‘Rationalism’ in P. Edwards (Ed.) The encyclopedia of philosophy (Vols. 7-8, pp. 69-75) New York: Macmillan, 1967 How to cite Explain and assess Haidt’s ‘moral foundations’ theory, Essay examples

Symbols And Characters Of free essay sample

# 8220 ; Bread Givers # 8221 ; Essay, Research Paper Symbols and Characters of # 8220 ; Bread Givers # 8221 ; . One of the important characteristics of Judaic history throughout many centuries was migration. From the ancient pre-Roman times to medieval Spain to the present yearss the Jews were expelled from the states they populated, were forced out by political, cultural and spiritual persecution, and sometimes were motivated to go forth merely to get away economic adversity and to happen better life for themselves and for their kids. One of the interesting pages of Judaic history was a monolithic migration from Eastern Europe to America in the period between 1870 an 1920. In that period more than two million Jews left their places in Russia, Poland, Galicia, and Romania and came to the New World. The heaviest volume of that moving ridge of Judaic out-migration came between 1904 and 1908, when more than 650 1000 Judaic emigres came to the US. The Eastern European Jews fled from pogroms, spiritual persecution and economic adversity. We will write a custom essay sample on Symbols And Characters Of or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page We can larn about those times from history text books, but a better manner to understand the feelings and ideas of the fighting emigres is to larn a narrative from an insider, who herself lived there and experienced first manus all the challenges and adversities of the emigres # 8217 ; life. Anzia Yezierska # 8217 ; s novel # 8220 ; Bread Givers # 8221 ; is a narrative that lets the reader to larn about the life of Judaic Emigrants in the early Twentieth Century on Manhattan # 8217 ; s lower East Side through the eyes of a hapless immature Jewish adult female who came from Poland and struggled to interrupt out from poorness, from tyrant old traditions of her male parent, and to happen felicity, security, love and apprehension in the new state. The book is rich with symbolism. Different characters and state of affairss in the fresh typify different parts of the emigres # 8217 ; community and challenges that they faced. The characters range from the male parent, the symbol of th e Old World, to the female parent who symbolizes battles and hopelessness of the adult females of the Old World, to the sisters and their work forces, who together represent the picks and chances that opened before the immature coevals of the Judaic emigres in the New World. The male parent of the narrator, Sarah Smolinsky, is an Orthodox rabbi, Mosheh Smolinsky, with stiff antique constructs, who can non or merely does non do an attempt to recognize himself in America and spends his yearss poisoning lives of his household by prophesying his useless # 8220 ; wisdom # 8221 ; , get marrieding off his girls to work forces they don # 8217 ; t love and populating off rewards the girls earn. Father # 8217 ; s antique male chauvinist positions about adult females clearly represent the Old World with its out-of-date traditions, and life-crippling Torahs. Practically everything he preaches is contradicted by his actions and later proves to be false. For illustration, when confronted by his married woman about unpaid measures, he preaches that money is non of import and that religious life guided by God # 8217 ; s Torahs should be a end of every homo. Yet, subsequently, when the clip comes to merry off his girls, the lone thing he cares about is money. He doe s non care about his girls # 8217 ; feelings. Their desires and sentiments mean nil to him. He thinks that adult females are dense and are non capable to pick a right partner. He besides thinks that they don # 8217 ; t merit to do a pick and their felicity in matrimony is non of import. He vies all adult females, including his Daughters and married woman, as brainless slaves, who are born to function their work forces. # 8220 ; It says in the Torah, merely through a adult male has a adult female an existence. # 8221 ; he proclaims. So he sees the matrimonies of his girls merely as concern minutess between him and the highest bidder. The end of the dealing is to supply the new hubbies with retainers and give him, the male parent, a material benefit in the hereafter. He calls Sarah # 8220 ; difficult bosom # 8221 ; and blames her for abandoning him, non working in his shop, and non directing him portion of her rewards. He says that she is selfish, heartless, and does non retrieve all the # 8220 ; good # 8221 ; things that he did for her. Again, his actions contradict his words. In existent life he was the selfish, lazy autocrat who refused to work, who did non back up his household in any manner, who put all the problems of life on his married woman # 8217 ; s shoulders and sent his small girls to work, so they could back up him. He did non care that his kids did non have a nice instruction and because of that might non hold a opportunity to win in life, he did non care that that his married woman # 8217 ; s life became a sorry being, that chiefly consisted of concerns about how to do ends meet. He neer took action to do his household # 8217 ; s life easier. He found an alibi, his faith, to make nil, to work his married woman and kids, to mistreat them emotionally by his # 8221 ; preaches of wisdom # 8221 ; , and by changeless reminding that he was a adult male # 8211 ; a superior maestro, and they were dense adult females, born to be his retainers. His ain intelligence and ability for good opinion are questionable, nevertheless. He proves to be a sap on several occasions. First, he wastes all the money that his male parent in jurisprudence left him. Then he marries off his girl Mashah to a defrauder, feigning to be a diamond trader. Then he takes all his household # 8217 ; s money and overpays for a food market shop that about has no merchandize in it. He is excessively chesty to convey his married woman to measure the shop and excessively foolish to make it himself. He prefers to blow the money to assisting his married woman and girls. His vises represent the vises of the Old World, such as poverty deficiency of instruction, out-of-date traditions, deficiency of human rights for adult females, and hopelessness of their state of affairs. The lip service of his preaches show that many Old World views and Torahs are false and therefore should be rebelled against and left buttocks. Unfortunately, adult females of the Old World did non hold the option to Rebel. The Judaic society of Eastern Europe would non digest it. So the adult females had no pick but to be retainers of their work forces and their state of affairs was hopeless. Sarah’s female parent represents the hopelessness of the Old World. She was born to a comparatively affluent household, had a happy childhood and grew up to be a beautiful, spirited and happy immature adult female. But the felicity was non meant to last because her male parent decided to get married her off at the age of 14. She of course had no voice in the determination and was married to a adult male who her male parent perceived to be most educated. The â€Å"educated man† turned out to be good merely for blowing her father’s money, begeting four girls and go forthing the load of raising them wholly on her shoulders. On top of that he had an audaciousness to fault her for all his problems and to learn her his useless â€Å"wisdom† . In the terminal, the female parent from a s pirited immature beauty, who loved to dance cozachek, became an old burnout with a dead psyche, grey unhealthy face, and exanimate eyes, that projected nil but unhappiness and hopelessness. The calamity of her life was that there was nil she could make about it, there was no manner out. Her kids, nevertheless, did hold a manner out. They could arise ; they could travel against their male parent # 8217 ; s will, acquire an instruction and go self-sufficing and independent. American society would accept it and that together with other things was the promise of the New World. The 2nd coevals of emigres: Sarah and her sisters represent the new picks that Eastern European Jews had in America. Unlike their female parent, they could take to travel different ways. The picks were non easy. They required strength, bravery, finding and staying power but however they were existent. The simplest pick was to transport on the parents # 8217 ; traditions, obey them and to endure through life much like the female parent. That # 8217 ; s the pick that Sarah # 8217 ; s sister Bessie took. She did non happen an interior strength to arise against parents and injure up married to Zalmond, the fish-peddler, who was an ugly old adult male with a batch of kids, and who suffered, like many other lower East Siders, from poorness, fiscal insecurity, and the battle to go person in the new state. Poor Bessie served to his male parent until she was 30, suffered humiliation of his preaches and at the terminal could non happen bravery to run off. She merely went from one servitude to another, even more rough. Alternatively of an old maestro, her male parent, she received a new one, Zalmond. Mashah has made a similar pick merely was a little more lucky. She did hold to set up with bad intervention from her defrauder hubby but at least he was immature and she did non hold to raise stepchildren. Fania faired even better. She went off to California. Though feeling really lonely with her businessman-gambler hubby, she at least broke out of poorness. Sarah makes a radically new pick. She realizes that she can arise and win, and she has strong will to make it. The pick to arise and to acquire instruction was a wholly new pick offered by the New World. The pick was far from easy. She suffered from hungriness, poorness, disaffection, and humiliation of the ghetto but her dreams kept her spirit alive and kept her traveling. College experience was besides non easy. She was different from other pupils because she was hapless, apparent looking, and likely because she was Judaic. So she struggled to suit in. She neer did and suffered a great trade from solitariness. Sarah # 8217 ; s experience, I think, is slightly typical for a determined emigre who chooses non to give up, to be strong, and to win. Her experience and represents the battle and aspiration of the immature Jews from the lower East Side, who in the mid-twentiess received instruction and became successful members of American society. Her experience represents the aspiration of the Jews who went Hollywood and established a whole new industry, the Jews who came from hapless uneducated households and became attorneies, physicians, and business communities. Not every Young Jew became successful through an instruction. Many became economically successful by doing a speedy luck through legal, slightly legal and frequently clearly illegal ventures. Fania # 8217 ; s hubby and Max Goldstein represent that portion of immature Jewish community. Those immature work forces substituted instruction with absolute aggressive thrust, firing motive, speedy humor, and frequently willingness to interrupt the jurisprudence if it was profitable. As Max Goldstein said, # 8220 ; ? It # 8217 ; s money that makes the wheels go unit of ammunition. With my money I can hold college alumnuss working for me? I can engage them and fire them. And they, with all their instruction, are under my pess, merely because I got the money. # 8221 ; Through the lives of different characters the writer tells about battles and forfeits that any emigres have to confront when they come to a new state and seek to acquire on their pess. The first coevals normally additions the least, because older people already have profoundly rooted cultural traditions and linguistic communication barrier that do non allow them to absorb and to experience to the full at place in the new topographic point. Just like Sarah # 8217 ; s parents in # 8220 ; Bread Givers # 8221 ; the bulk of first coevals older emigres that I know experience slightly anomic and disadvantaged in America. Many of them were na? ve and thought that America was a Golden Amadina where # 8220 ; money grows on the trees # 8221 ; . Many were intelligent plenty to recognize that they were traveling to a tough land of chances where they would hold to contend and fight for a topographic point under the Sun. But those who were realistic came here anyhow, because they hoped for a b etter hereafter for their kids who could to the full profit from new chances, cultural equality, and democracy that the New World had to offer. Bibliography # 8220 ; Bread Givers # 8221 ; by Anzia Yezierska

The Role of Rational Management in Organizations

The Role of Rational Management in Organizations Rational approaches are systematic methods that follow one-step after the other, in a process of decision-making. The use of this rationale in an organisation involves collecting quantitative data through observation or statistics in the field, in preparation of coming up with long-term decisions.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Role of Rational Management in Organizations specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Most of the organisation has benefited by this approach, as the organisations leaders mostly prefer it. In every organisation, it is the role of the leaders mostly referred to as managers to come up with policies, strategies, and policies, which can enable the company to attain its short and long-term objectives (Morgan, 2006). It is the wish of every manager to place his or her company at a competitive edge compared to rest in the market. Currently, the business environment is very challenging, and this aspect is calling for the manager to come up with the best approaches to be applied in solving problems and making the relevant decisions within the organisation (Robbins, 2006). This paper will focus on the reasons as to why managers prefer the use of rational approaches, and how they benefit from using open systems. Rationality in Management Every organisation relies on the decisions of the top management, hence why the managers need to be very careful in every step they make in their duties. The major role of management is to mentor the employees, as well as providing a good environment for them, to promote their performances (Jugnor, 2008). The managers ensure that all employees are aware of their duties, and they have the required resources to enable them execute their responsibilities. The way through which managers mentor their juniors matters a lot, as he is dealing with employees of different personalities and capabilities. In an organisation, there are rational leaders and ration al managers. Rational readers ensure that there is the development of the necessary mechanisms to be used in learning, and staff participation in an organisation (Thompson McHugh, 2002). Through the guidance of a rational leader, the organisation gets the best strategic decisions to handle the major challenges faced by the organisation. Rational decisions aid the smooth running of the day-to-day activities of the employees.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Several organizations have proved to be more competitive in terms of quality of their goods or services, punctuality, and acceptability of its decisions to the society through the guidance given by its rational managers and leaders. The most important aspect of applying rational approaches by the managers or the leaders is that, for the decision they make to be fully implemented, the acceptability by the human ca pital in the organisation should be put into consideration. Engaging the subordinate in the process of decision-making is very important for the whole organisation, as they would understand the rules better, and their suggestions would be incorporated in the process. Rational management provides a good environment for learning to be utilized by the employees, so that they can develop a positive culture of the organisation (Audner, 2007). Whenever the employees realize that their efforts and success within an organisation are recognized, they work tirelessly towards achieving their set targets. There is no single effort of an employee that should go unnoticed, as this would be motivating them to put extra efforts in their duties. Another important reason of rational management within an organisation is encouraging the spirit of teamwork. Through working in teamwork, employees learn from each other, and individuals have a chance to demonstrate their talents in areas that they are expe rtise. Team works in an organisation is good initiatives for sharing knowledge and experiences, hence each one of them get a good chance to gain more knowledge and improve their skills. For instance, Jet blue airway company is a good example of the companies that have a culture of promoting learning within its employees (Webner, 2007). This company has diversified its services ton some training institutes where its employees can be trained to keep them, updated and fully equipped to meet the current demands of their clients in the market.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Role of Rational Management in Organizations specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This form of learning is very crucial, as it is an initiative of having qualified employees who are competent in their duties. During the annual general meetings of coca cola Company, the best performers are severally seen being rewarded as a way of recognising their ef forts. This is a very crucial culture of motivating the employees through such practices, as every employee would wish to be the best performer and be recognised. Currently, the business world is very competitive, and it is the duty of any organisation to come up with unique strategies and out stand among its competitors (Dragna, 2005). It has been a challenge to most of the organisation, as through what way, an organisation can stand out among its competitors. The availability of effective top management, who are innovative, can place an organisation at a very competitive edge in the market. The aspect of creativity needs also to be applied in all areas of production, marketing, as well as in handling the clients. Rational management has always created a good opportunity for managers and leaders to exploit their potential fully. The different levels of management have different policies that can be applied by the managers in developing and mentoring the human resource capital withi n the organisation. According to the research done concerning the levels of management, it is evident that, there is not a single moment when the capability of a manager is fully exploited (Jugnor, 2008). Therefore, managers should take such opportunities to utilize their capabilities for the benefit of the employees and the entire organisation. Benefits of open/natural systems approach Several benefits are associated with the application of open/natural systems within an organisation. To begin with, through the application of this system, the management realizes the importance of the external environment to the organisation. There is a dire need for any organisation to have a good relationship with the external environment, as some external factors can impose negative effects to the organisation.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Good and health relationships with the surrounding environment, the organisation needs to apply its ethical values, and adopt corporate social responsibilities (Beauttah, 2008). Good relationships with the external environments would also increase the clients’ coverage for the organisation. There is always well-structured human resource management in an organisation with natural systems approach. The managers develop themselves as well as other employees through making use of numerous training programs created by the organisation. Team leaders liaise with the top management in conducting training within the organisation, and the learning spirit is highly developed within an organisation (Beauttah, 2008). Through such activities, team leaders and the top managers get a good chance to learn from one another especially the best ways of handling major challenges that they encounter. A good example of a company with a well-structured human resource is Adidas Ltd. Where the top man agers are seen benefiting from an open system as well as juniors (Jugnor, 2008). Employees are given an opportunity to develop their knowledge through learning, while the managers enjoy a well-structured leadership plan. Through this, everyone within the organisation gets a good opportunity to exploit his or her potential fully. In addition, those organisations that apply open systems give the managers a good chance of interacting freely with their subordinates. During the processes of decision-making, the subordinates are included in the process, as their views are considered very crucial (Hodge William, 2003). This makes them feel catered for and respect between them, and their bosses are enhanced. During refreshing games within the organisation, the managers mix freely with the juniors and get a chance to challenge one another with their talents. Such actions are promoters of a free communication within an organisation hence reducing chances of making some serious mistakes by ei ther the management team, or by the employees. Any employee be it a manager or a junior there is always an open opportunity to recommend, or suggest something to make acquiring the organisations targets easier. For instance, the internal business journals of Unilever ltd., the ideas and suggestions of the company improvement are seen to come from the top management as well as from the juniors (Beauttah, 2008). This is a good show of open expressions within an organisation, whereby, it is the responsibility of everyone within the organisation to ensure there is success. Conclusion In conclusion, a rational management style brings about effective communication styles, whereby the flow of information is clear from the top management down to the juniors. The feedback from the employees is also received in a good manner, whereby the employees do not feel intimidated. The communication ion such organization is a two-way system, such that when the managers send the information to the junio r, juniors are expected to provide their diverse feedback with suggestions whenever it is necessary (McAuley Duberley, 2007). Rational management is a system that is currently appreciated in most organizations, because its effects are moving organisations in a positive way. This is the reason behind most of the managers preferring applying it in their organisations. An open system of management is another beneficial approach that is appreciated by most of the managers. This is because of the chance they get to be motivated and to motivate their juniors. This approach brings about an expanded path of developing everyone skills and talents within an organisation. Reference List Audner, M. (2007). Organisational Theory. British Journal of Management , 50 72. Beauttah, W. (2008). Work Employment and Society. Journal of Management ,15-50. Dragna, P. (2005). Managerial Practices. Journal of Management Studies , 95 135. Hodge, B., William, A. (2003). Organisation theory: a strategic appr oach.  Michigan: Prentice Hall. Jugnor, M. (2008). Effective Management. Journal of Work and Occupations, 25-59. McAuley, J., Duberley, J. (2007). Organisation theory: challenges and  perspectives. New York: Prentice Hall. Morgan, G. (2006). Images of Organization. Thousand Oaks: Sage. Robbins, S. (2006). Organisational Theory: Concepts Cases. Sydney: Prentice Hall. Thompson, P., McHugh, D. (2002). Work Organisations: A Critical introduction.  Hampshire: Palgrave. Webner, J. (2007). Human Relations. British Journal of industrial Relations , 132 165.

Math Journaling in the Classroom and Out

Math Journaling in the Classroom and Out Journal writing can be a valuable technique to further develop and enhance your mathematical thinking and communication skills in mathematics. Journal entries in mathematics provide opportunities for individuals to self-assess what theyve learned. When one makes an entry into a math journal, it becomes a record of the experience received from the specific math exercise or problem-solving activity. The individual has to think about what he/she did in order to communicate it in writing; in so doing, one gains some valuable insight and feedback about the mathematical problem-solving process. The math no longer becomes a task whereby the individual simply follows the steps or rules of thumb. When a math journal entry is required as a follow up to the specific learning goal, one actually has to think about what was done and what was required to solve the specific math activity or problem. Math instructors also find that math journaling can be quite effective. When reading through the jour nal entries, a decision can be made to determine if further review is required. When an individual writes a math journal, they must reflect on what they have learned which becomes a great assessment technique for individuals and instructors. If math journals are something new, you will want to use the following strategies to assist the implementation of this valuable writing activity. Procedure A journal should be written at the end of a math exercise.Journal entries should be in a separate book, one used specifically for mathematical thinking.Math journals should contain specific details about the areas of difficulties and areas of success.The math journal entries should take no more than 5-7 minutes.Math journals can be done with children and adults. Younger children will draw pictures of the concrete math problem they have explored.Math journals should not be done daily, its more important to do math journals with new concepts in areas specifically related to growth in mathematical problem-solving.Be patient, math journaling takes time to learn. It is critical to understand that math journaling is an entry of the mathematical thinking processes. Theres no right or wrong way of thinking! Math Journal Prompts to Get You Started I knew I was right when......If I missed____________ I would have to__________________.The thing you have to remember with this kind of problem is........Tips I would give a friend to solve this problem are.........I wish I knew more about......How many times did you try to solve the problem? How did you finally solve it?Could you have found the answer by doing something different? What?What method did you use to solve this problem and why?Was this hard or easy? Why?Where else could you use this type of problem-solving?What would happen if you missed a step? Why?What other strategies could you use to solve this problem?Write 4 steps for somebody else that will be solving this problem.What would you like to do better next time?Were you frustrated with this problem? Why or why not?What decisions had to be made when solving this problem?What do you like about math? What dont you like about math?Is math your favorite subject? Why or why not? When one has to write about problem-solving strategies, it helps to clarify thinking. We will often discover solutions to problems when we write about the problem. Another strategy that helps to retain math concepts and support understanding is knowing how to take great notes in math.

Supply chain management - Operation management Essay - 1

Supply chain management - Operation management - Essay Example The aggregate planning is often shared with the supply chain partners since it has a great impact on the supply chain. All the stages within the supply chain ought to work hand in hand in order to improve the supply chain performance. This is quite essential because it would help synchronize the flow of operations throughout the supply chain (Boyer & Verma, 2009). The information that would be better shared with the supply chain partners is the vendor managed inventory because vendors are known to undertake the duty of planning on behalf of the trading partners. My main reason for such a decision is to minimize the safety stock as a buffer on the vendor side due to the uncertainty in demand as well as minimize the safety stock on the consumer side due to uncertainty in supply (Liu & Kumar, 2003). The supply chains partners will have to ensure that there is collaboration between the overtime, inventory holding and the subcontractors. In case the aggregated plan is not achieved, a special handling process ought to be adopted so that the process of production is not slowed down, but met as anticipated within the six months. Strategic sourcing is, as well, information that ought to be shared herein. Since the production of tankloads involves a chain of suppliers, sourcing becomes a complex match making procedure. The combined process of efforts from subcontractors, working overtime and the inventory holdings varies in its structure from chronological sharing. The success in information sharing throughout the supply chain, starting from demand forecast to order fulfilment, will see the Bottling Company minimise costs using this production

Writing for Different Cultures and Audiences Annotated Bibliography

Writing for Different Cultures and Audiences - Annotated Bibliography Example For this kind of research, it plays the role of acquainting the research with the basic information on Australian culture and how culture has changed from time to time. Clancy talks about the evolution of Australia from the time when it was only inhabited by the Aboriginals to the moment when immigrants began arriving and settling in the Island. The book traces the arrival of Europeans in the 18th century and also examines the people of Anglo=Irish origin who migrated to Australia. It sort of talks about the Australian identity and highlights the popularity of Christianity and how globalization has led to urbanization of the bush that Australia was. Apart from giving a chronological account of the metamorphosis of Australia, the book also covers tourism, sports and its significance, national barbeque and the influence that Indians and Europeans have on the country. The book is important for the research because it covers the fundamental issues of Australian culture and it evolution. It, however, fails to properly cover the Aboriginals who form the basis of Australian culture. It, however, still forms the basis of the research and will be used toget her with other books to get a conclusive research on Australian culture. In this book, Colson covers the culture of the Aboriginals. The Aboriginals are the indigenous people of Australia, who have complained about the atrocity committed against them by the immigrants who moved to Australia. Their culture was affected by the influx of people into Australia. However, they form a significant basis of Australian cultural history. Colson chronicles the culture of the Aboriginals their ceremonies, art and how their culture has influenced Australia. It also covers the family structure and society of other indigenous Australian cultures. It is a short book but has important information on the culture of Aboriginals. Since it is

SMART Goals for Career Planning

SMART Goals for Career Planning The smart goal involved to the establishment of specific, measurable, achievable, realistic and time targeted goals. My career goal is to work in the organization where I can utilize my marketing skills that I have learned from my educational course program. This smart goal can make me to work with the organization with the suitable marketing skills for the success of my organization. This smart goal was an effective process for me in making process by means of ensuring that participants in a group with a common goals. This goal helped to my career by working towards my own objectives that included the career based goals for me. This goal setting was also the major component of personal development and it established the positive relationship between identified goals and performance in the organization. Hence smart goal can help to achieve my career goals in the organization (Jeffrey H. Greenhaus, 2009). Action Step 2: Research the Career Field That Interests Me I am interested in marketing career field in order to achieve the organizational objectives as well as goals among global level. The marketing career field provided the technical ideas, case studies and strategies for making the perfect research for the success of marketing organization. The marketing field offered the various career opportunities and thats why it was easy for choosing marketing value, interest and personal style. The marketing field was to an entry level position as a market research analyst and in that I can utilize my strong quantitative as well as qualitative research skills and l interested in the marketing position with the strong organizational and interpersonal skills. Action Step 3: Research Companies within the Field That Interest Me I have interested to work some marketing firms in order to developing my career, attitude and my life goal. Roy Morgan Research, Print Measurement Bureau, Psyma Group, IMRB International, Segment Y were the marketing companies with in the field that I have interested for working to improve my objectives with the success of organizations. I have interested to work in a marketing firms in one of these companies and after getting the opportunity, my pleasure will be enhanced the business of one of these organizations. I have also interested to work in marketing companies and because of this marketing level can decide the success of organizations. The marketing field was also the great filed to ensure the organization among global level. The marketing field organization can compete with the global organization with the suitable perfection and quality as well as quality. Action Step 4: Research the Positions within the Organizations That Interests Me I have researched many positions within the organizations and but I have interested to get marketing distribution positions within the companies. The distribution position was the effective position in order to distributing the quality and quantity products as well as services within the organization. This position was also the one of four elements of marketing mix and it was the process of making the products and service available for consumption by a consumer or by the business user and I can develop the marketing position of organization by means of distributing high quality products and services. I can also motivate the marketing department by means designing the most suitable channels for the products of firm and offering higher margins to the intermediary and special deals. Action Step 5: Create a List of Networking Contacts Job obtained through networks Advertisements, direct contact with companies, employment agencies, college career services. Percentage of jobs through networks 52 % of people obtained jobs through networking and 42% of people obtained the jobs by other sources. Previous co-workers list Seller, Computer association, associative editor, distributor, sales administrator were the previous co-workers in the organization. Hired professionals list Accountants, banker and attorneys were hired by me in the organization in order to make organizational environment success as well as quality production and service. Action Step 6: Create a List of Professional Organizations Associated with My Target Career Field Association for Manufacturing excellence, Association of International Product and Management, Color Marketing Group, Institute of Management Accountants, International Association of Business Communicators were the professional organization that associated with my target career field. These professional agents or organizations make the marketing field perfect and they helped to the enhancement of marketing section in the organizations. My career will be successful by means of these professional organizations. Action Step 7: Schedule Information Interviews/Job Shadowing The best ways to gather the real world information about chosen field were informational interviews and job shadows. The steps for the informational interviews were figuring out whom and how to ask for an interview, conducting the interview as well as sending a thank you note. Initially, the organization has to announce the informational interview date by advertising. Scheduling the information interview included the duration for conducting the interview and the starting time for an informational interview was from 9.00 am in organizations. The informational interview included the way to find the effective people by means of asking the business field questions. During the informational interview, it was necessary to ask potential information interview questions in order to conducting the interview successfully. After the interview, it was essential to sending the thank you note to the person and to make the opportunity to talk with the person positively in order to approach the perso n. Action Step 8: Determine Next Steps After the interview, the asker must approach the person positively in order to motivate them. Then interviewer must say that the interview care will be sent for u to the person for getting the job. The positive approach of interviewer to person will provide the ethical environment to person. The thank you letter was the general format in all information interviews in order to satisfy or motivate the person and it was also used to convey additional information including experience, training the person forgot to mention during the information interview. The e-mail was the appropriate tool in order to send the feedback letters or thank you letters (Kandula, 2006). Action Step 9: Enter Formal Application Process The formal application process was the significant one when making the access application and it was used to ensure the existing application. The formal application process contained the personal information about another person and this process also concerned another persons business, commercial, professional interest. This process concerned the research that had been carried out by behalf of another person. The application process had been entered to carrying out the information of other organizational members and staffs. The formal application process involved the affairs of a government of the commonwealth or another state. PART-II:Â  Career Management Plan Part 1: Career Central Assessment Reflection I could gain insights about myself that I can enhance the organizational management and procedural aspects of organization. I can gain the organizational improvement by means of ensuring the organizational products and services. I can also concentrate to achieve the life career as well as goals. The planning implementation and achieving results, influencing communication teamwork, problems solving and teamwork as well as commitment and I challenged these aspects of results and I can resolve these challenges by making organizational innovation. My result influenced the learning experience positively at CTU. In CTU, the effective training, practices and learning were provided for making the perfect experience hence the result was an excellent experience at CTU. The result influenced the creation of smart goals positively by satisfying the objectives and missions. The result has the positive implication on the leadership style and the leadership style will be made effectively by the imp lication of result. Part 2: SMART Goals and Target Jobs and Employers My short term goal was to know about the aspect of marketing tool that will help to me in order to perform in marketing department of organizations. This short term goal can also achieve my life time careers and I want to become the marketing analyst in order to gain the marketing aspects. I have also identified three types of marketing jobs and organization that supported to these short term goals (Carolyn boyes, 2010). These three marketing jobs and organizations helped to achieve my marketing short term goals and these organizations will promote me to the position of marketing analyst. These marketing jobs and organizations can fit with the short term goals in the case of enhancing the career. The role of professional association that I have identified was supporting to the short term goals and the identified professional association promoted me to the position of marketing analysts by seeking particular profession for me. My long term goal is to become the marketing manager with the perfection and attitude for achieving my career goals with the success of marketing organizations. My long term goal was also to make the ethical environment in marketing field and make the quality production and services. The three marketing jobs and organizations that I have identified were to support for these long term goals by satisfying the careers and goals. The identified jobs and organizations made better marketing environment to long term organizations and also they made the opportunities for these long term goals. Part 3: Skill Development and Learning Plan The technical skill, human skill and conceptual skill were skills that were used to develop further to successful for meeting the goals. The technical skill involved in executing the budgeting, accounting and marketing outcomes. Human skill involved in the case of working with the marketing groups in order to lead the marketing department. The conceptual skill was to understand the various functions of marketing environment. These three skills will be developed by means of setting definitive goals, maintaining positive attitude, creating effective communication and so on.

Construction Case Study Essay

Resistance to organisational change is a natural reaction to those who want to protect their self-interests in the organisation. However, it is clear from the case study that the employees of XYZ Construction showed little resistance to the change implemented by the incoming managing director. The primary reason that change was welcomed was due to the former Managing Director’s management style which was not widely accepted in the organisation. Employees feared him and it was not acceptable to speak openly and honestly. Employees were aware that this behaviour was often counterproductive, and created a negative impression with the former Managing Director. As the newly appointed Managing Director had previously worked at the organisation, he was aware of certain of the issues and concerns of the employees. The experience gained from working at other companies, and the reputation he built from his career prior to returning to XYZ Construction ensured that the employees had faith in his leadership ability. The new Managing Director’s first step in developing relationships with managers and employees was to incorporate key employees into Senior Management Team activities. His actions made it clear that he was willing to retain the current workforce and promote from within the organisation. This created a positive environment which encouraged employees to work harder and produce results Employees and managers did not fear loss of employment with the new Managing Director, but rather felt included in the decision making process. The new Managing Director’s attitude and actions were clear and concise which addressed the problems within the organisation. His actions were collectively moving in the same direction, to achieve a clear goal of improving internal and external relations and improving the organisations performance. He correctly identified problem areas such as relationships, communication and the structure of the organisation. An incorrect diagnosis of the problems within an organisation may result in incorrect changes being implemented, which can lead the organisation into complete disarray. The new Managing Director identified two crucial activities to be performed in conjunction with each other to enable the transformation of the  organisation. The two activities identified were: To introduce new practices and techniques to improve service to customers and thus improve the organisation’s performance. To change the attitudes and behaviour of employees By identifying the two activities above, the new Managing Director identified crucial steps to improve its performance. Only through improving services to customers can the overall organisation’s performance improve. A satisfied customer is likely to return and recommend the organisation to others. This is directly linked to the growth of the organisation. The new Managing Director is aware that to provide better service to customers, the employees will have to develop and learn new practices and techniques to ensure superior service quality is provided to customers. The implementation of the second activity is critical to the success of the overall goal of improved customer relationships. The employees and managers attitudes and behaviours are to be transformed to ensure the best results are achieved. Employees and managers who were unhappy under the former Managing Director are more willing to adhere to the recommended changes. The willingness to adhere also stems from the approaches presented being feasible and there is no fear for loss of employment. The changes bring new opportunities for employees and managers to develop in their current roles and possibly grow into new roles. The potential positive outcomes as a result of these changes are a contributing factor in the lack of resistance experienced by the Managing Director. The cost effectiveness of the changes implemented also contributed to the lack of resistance from employees. The new Managing Director introduced a small-scale Kaizen programme. The programme was introduced with the four goals namely (Burnes, 2009, p. 162); ï‚ · Improvements could be achieved on a quick low cost/no cost basis Promote teamwork Build manager’s confidence such that they can delegate work Empower staff The goals above are all positive resulting in the support of employees and minimises resistance to change. An additional contributing factor was the Managing Directors’ communication regarding his commitment to this initiative. This eradicates any confusion regarding the implementation of this change, and strengthens the â€Å"buy-in† of employees and manager. 3 Introducing a new management style This section will discuss the following statement and to what extent I agree or disagree with the statement; â€Å"the new Managing Director has not changed the culture of XYZ Construction but has merely introduced a new management style†. 3.1 Organisational Culture To understand the statement clearly, the term organisational culture needs to be defined and understood. Organisational culture is defined as â€Å"the  collection of basic assumptions, values, norms and artefacts that are shared by and influence the behaviour of an organisation’s members† (Burnes, 2009, p. 600). Organisation culture is also commonly defined as â€Å"how organisations do things† (Watkins, 2013). 3.2 Management Style The management style of XYZ Construction changed from an autocratic management style to a participative style when the new Managing Director was appointed. The former Managing Director was feared by his colleagues, where open and honest relationships did not exist. Autocratic leadership is an extreme form of transactional leadership, characterised by a manager who makes decisions on his own without input from colleagues. This type of management style has the advantage that decisions can be made quickly and efficiently, however this approach is not suitable in all organisations and is limited in its application. The disadvantage of this approach is that it leads to high employee turnover, demotivated employees and poor performance (Unknown, 2013). The autocratic management style of the former Managing Director was not suitable for XYZ Construction and was identified by the parent company. The parent company’s view was that the company was underperforming due to the poor management and lack of cooperation within the organisation. Once the former Managing Director retired he was replaced by a new Managing Director with the primary objective to improve the overall managerial competency and improve the performance of the organisation. The new Managing Director displayed a Participative management style, which was required for the necessary operation, culture and structure changes in the organisation. A Participative management style is characterised by managers that â€Å"use various decision procedures that allow other people some influence over the leader’s decision† (Yukl, 2013, p. 115). This is clearly displayed in the New Managing Directors action of inclusion of key employees who were not directors to p articipate in Senior Management Team. This action has a significant impact on relationship building within the organisation and an impact on the structure. The organisation under former management was hierarchical conscious which hinders the development  of relationship and the sharing of information and ideas. The new approach in management style results in a culture change in the organisation. 3.3 Discussion I agree with the statement, with the effect that a culture change has taken place in XYZ Construction under the new Managing Director, however this was achieved by the change in the managerial style rather by changing the culture. The new Managing Director’s participative managing style, has allowed for a culture change. Employees and managers are able to speak openly and honestly changing the norms within the organisation. The transformation is a long-term change with initiatives rolled-out in intervals. This allows for employees and managers to acquire and develop the necessary skills and characteristics at each level before moving to the next step of the transformation. The new Managing Director’s management style requires that the attitude and behaviours to be changed of both employees and managers to meet the demands of the initiatives aimed at increasing the organisation’s performance. My agreement with the statement is not significant, as the new Managing Director has brought upon a new management style however the initiatives that he proposed require a change in culture. A culture change of the employees and managers supports that new Managing Director’s management style. 4 South African context South Africa as a country has been transforming during the post-apartheid regime. The most significant transformation that is currently taking place in organisations is the implementation of various BBBEE initiatives, one of which is to increase in females in the workplace. The BBBEE initiative focusses on reconciling indiscretions of the past and allowing for the workplace to be balanced based on race, gender and disabilities. There are many examples of organisations in South Africa where this transformation has taken place. An example of this transformation is in PPC Ltd. which  appointed Ketso Gordhan as the new CEO effective 1 January 2013 (Allix, 2012). Ketso Gordhan’s extensive experience in multiple industries such as his role as director-general in the Ministry of transport, serving in the Presidency and head of private equity in FirstRand makes him extremely capable and suitable for the position. His experience in the multiple he roles he has fulfilled has provided him with knowledge as to how to bring change to an organisation. The cement industry had faced a major fall in sales during the financial recession coupled with competitive forces. These factors had started to be addressed by the former CEO with the goal of growing the business and earning a significant portion of profits through operations in Africa (Allix, 2012). It was at this point that Ketso Gordhan was appointed with the crucial task of growing operations into Africa. The approach that was taken by Ketso Gordhan to achieve this goal is based on two key strategies of expanding business into Africa and to keep current operations in South Africa to operate efficiently (â€Å"keep the home fires burning†) (Allix, 2013). Ketso Gordhan made the goals and the direction taken very clear to ensure a collective drive from employees. His actions are the same actions taken by the newly appointed Managing Director of XYZ Construction. Ketso Gordhan made he’s commitment to PPC Ltd. clear through his actions as well as through the acquisition of PPC Ltd. shares summing a total of R30 million (Shevel, 2014). This action indicated internally and externally he’s commitment and faith in the organisation to achieve a significant improvement in the organisation’s performance (Hasenfuss, 2013). Ketso Gordhan’s management style has brought a culture change in the organisation. The culture change has included a more hands-on approach from the CEO with constant  interaction with employees and managers. This once again reinforces his ideas and motivation in the workplace. Earlier in 2014, Ketso Gordhan reduced his salary by R1m in an effort to  support the reduction of salary gap between the highest and the lowest paid employee in the organisation. He took grievances from the lowest paid employees and acted to resolve the items. He approached the top 60 managers, asking whether they would volunteer their increases to be distributed to the lowest paid employees. This approach enabled the organisation to increase 1 200 of the lowest paid employees salary by R10 000 per year and an interest related increase later in the year (Shevel, 2014). This initiative received great response from employees, which was primarily attributed to the feeling that grievances were heard and action was taken. The initiative allowed the CEO salary to reduce from 120 times the lowest paid employee to 48 times with the clear goal to reach 40 times in future. This was achieved through the decrease in the highest paid salary and the increase in the lowest paid salaries (Shevel, 2014). The initiative has an impact external to the organisation. In South Africa which currently is facing numerous problems, one clear problem in the large economic gaps that exists. The actions of Ketso Gordhan are an encouragement to fellow JSE-listed organisation’s CEO to follow suit and attempt to reduce the large salary gaps that exist in many organisations. Collective actions will enable the country to reach goals of social development at a faster rate. Ketso Gordhan is a participative leader which is clear through his engagement with the organisationâ€⠄¢s employees and through the initiative he has developed. He has initiated the â€Å"I Care, PPC Cares† programme coupled with the Kambuku philosophy in the organisation (PPC Ltd, 2014). This philosophy and initiative is aimed at addressing the following (PPC Ltd, 2014): Disparity between the cost of living and salaries of lower-level employees Substandard housing and access to housing for some employees Effectiveness of first-line managers and team members Individual development plans and organisational climate initiatives Improving the perception of employees in terms of job satisfaction The philosophy is aimed at not only improving the internal environment but also the external environment of the organisation, such as the assistance in providing housing for employees. The approach is very fitting in the South African context. References Allix, M., 2012. Ketso Gordhan to replace Paul Stuiver at PPC. [Online] Available at: http://www.bdlive.co.za/business/industrials/2012/10/11/ketso-gordhan-toreplace-paul-stuiver-at-ppc [Accessed 3 May 2014]. Allix, M., 2013. Safika deal to help PPC ‘keep the home fires burning’. [Online] Available at: http://www.bdlive.co.za/business/industrials/2013/08/08/safika-deal-to-helpppc-keep-the-home-fires-burning [Accessed 3 May 2014]. Burnes, B., 2009. Managing Change. 5th ed. Essex: Pearson Education Limited. Hasenfuss, M., 2013. PPC chief Ketso Gordhan splashes out on cement firm’s stock. [Online] Available at: http://www.bdlive.co.za/business/industrials/2013/09/12/ppc-chief-ketsogordha n-splashes-out-on-cement-firms-stock [Accessed 3 May 2014]. Investopedia, 2014. Definition of ‘Kaizen’. [Online] Available at: http://www.investopedia.com/terms/k/kaizen.asp [Accessed 16 April 2014]. PPC Ltd, 2014. Our People. [Online] Available at: http://www.ppc.co.za/about-us/our-people.aspx [Accessed 3 May 2013]. Shevel, A., 2014. Ketso Gordhan: Laying the foundations for a fairer workplace. [Online] Available at: http://www.bdlive.co.za/business/management/2014/03/23/ketso-gordhanlaying-the-foundations-for-a-fairer-workplace [Accessed 3 May 2013]. Stroh, U., 2005. Chapter 3: Approaches to Change Management, Pretoria: University of Pretoria etd. Unknown, 2013. Leadership Styles. [Online] Available at: http://ofd.ncsu.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/Leadership-Styles-1_11_13.pdf [Accessed 30 April 2014]. Watkins, M., 2013. What Is Organizational Culture? And Why Should We Care?. [Online] Available at: http://blogs.hbr.org/2013/05/what-is-organizational-culture/ [Accessed 30 April 2014]. Yukl, G., 2013. Leadership on Organizations. 8th ed. Essex: Pearson Education Limited.