Mass Media Law Definitions free essay sample

Definition of Law applied to Mass Media. ?Mass Media Law refers to the collective set of laws that protect or limit media or the consumers from different issues that may arise from the use of exposure to mass media. Television, Internet, Newspapers, Magazines, and film are just some of the few examples of Mass Media that are governed by this set of laws. However, each form of Mass Media is subject to the different law s under the general heading of Mass Media law given that each form of media interacts differently with the consumers. Mass media law is a legal field that encompasses a variety of communications industries, such as print media, film, broadcasting, and the Internet. With modern communications technologies, the mass media has the ability to affect many people in a variety of ways. The laws that govern these communications can be complicated and have far-reaching results. Many of the suits brought by media lawyers involve copyright infringement, defamation, censorship, and privacy. We will write a custom essay sample on Mass Media Law Definitions or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page ?Mass media law encompasses free speech law as well.In many countries, freedom of speech is a governmentally-acknowledged right of people. On the other hand, many governments have laws that allow for censoring of objectionable, sensitive, or harmful communications. Mass media lawyers may deal with the legal balance between free speech and censorship. ?Media law is an area of the law which covers media communications of all sorts and sizes. Specialists in this field may work for individual companies, handling legal issues which come up in the course of doing business.They can also work for organizations which provide advocacy to people who run afoul of the law, or have private practices with consulting services and other forms of legal assistance available to clients. Differences between the following terms applied in Law Regulation A rule of order having the force of law, prescribed by a superior or competent authority, relating to the actions of those under the authoritys control. †¢ Regulation is a form of secondary legislation issued by a government minister under the authority of primary legislation.Regulations are used to make the detailed arrangements which give effect to the intent and purpose of primary legislation. Regulations are typically used to address matters of detail, while matters of substance are left to primary legislation. Thus, legislative assemblies need not spend as much time discussing purely technical questions and any necessary changes can be made very quickly and easily. Precept An order, writ, warrant, or process. An order or direction, emanating from authority, to an officer or body of officers, commanding that officer or those officers to do some act within the scope of their powers.Rule imposing a standard of conduct or action. †¢ Precept is a civil or criminal writ or warrant issued by an authorized person demanding another’s action or an order issued by legally constituted authority to a subordinate official. For example a Judge’s order to an officer to bring a party before the court. Statute An act of a legislature that declares, proscribes, or commands something; a specific law, expressed in writing. †¢ Statute it is a formal written enactment of a legislative authority that governs a state, city, or county. Typically, statutes command or prohibit something, or declare policy.The word is often used to distinguish law made by legislative bodies from case law, decided by courts, and regulations issued by government agencies. Statutes are sometimes referred to as legislation or black letter law. As a source of law, statutes are considered primary authority. It may also originate with national, state legislatures or local municipalities. Statutes of lower jurisdictions are subordinate to the law of higher. Ordinance A law, statute, or regulation enacted by a Municipal Corporation. †¢ Ordinance is a law passed by a municipal government. A municipality, such as city, town, village, or borough, is a political subdivision of a state within which a municipal corporation has been established to provide local government to a population in a defined area. Ordinances constitute the subject matter of municipal law. The power of municipal governments to enact ordinances is derived from the state constitution or statutes or through the legislative grant of a municipal charter. The charter in large part dictates how much power elected officials have to regulate actions within the municipality. Municipalities that have been granted home rule charters by the legislature have the most authority to act.If, however, a municipality enacts an ordinance that exceeds its charter or is in conflict with state or federal law, the ordinance can be challenged in court and ruled void. Jurisprudence From the Latin term juris prudentia, which means the study, knowledge, or science of law; in the United States, more broadly associated with the philosophy of law. †¢Jurisprudence is the theory and philosophy of law. Scholars of jurisprudence, or legal theorists, hope to obtain a deeper understanding of the nature of law, of legal reasoning, legal systems and of legal institutions.Modern jurisprudence began in the 18th century and was focused on the first principles of the natural law, civil law, and the law of nations. General jurisprudence can be broken into categories both by the type of question scholars seek to answer and by the theories of jurisprudence, or schools of thought, rega rding how those questions are best to be answered. Contemporary philosophy of law, which deals with general jurisprudence, addresses problems in two rough groups. Canon An ecclesiastical law or code of laws established by a church council. A secular law, rule, or code of law. Canon law is the body of laws and regulations made or adopted by ecclesiastical authority, for the government of the Christian organization and its members. It is the internal ecclesiastical law governing the Catholic Church (both Latin Rite and Eastern Catholic Churches), the Eastern and Oriental Orthodox churches, and the Anglican Communion of churches. The way that such church law is legislated, interpreted and at times adjudicated varies widely among these three bodies of churches. In all three traditions, a canon was initially a rule adopted by a council; these canons formed the foundation of canon law.

Crystal Starfish Ornament or Decoration

Crystal Starfish Ornament or Decoration Grow crystals on a small starfish to make a sparkling crystal starfish ornament or decoration. Crystal Starfish Materials You can grow any crystal solution on the starfish, including borax, salt, alum, Epsom salt and sugar. Borax is nice because the crystals grow overnight and add a dainty sparkly appearance to the starfish. Also, these crystals survive storage and packing between holidays quite well. small dried starfishstringjar big enough to hold the starfishstringhot waterborax (e.g., 20 Mule Team Borax How To Grow Crystals on the Starfish Tie a string or piece of nylon fishing line to the starfish. Make certain the starfish can hang in the jar without touching the side or bottom. You can wrap the string around a pencil or butter knife to control its length. Remove the starfish from the container.Mix a solution of very hot or boiling water and borax. Keep stirring in borax until it stops dissolving. This will be when a small amount of solid material remains in the bottom of the container.Pour this solution into the jar.Suspend the starfish in the liquid. Make certain it is submerged, but not touching the jar. Allow the crystals to grow for several hours or overnight.Remove the crystallized starfish from the liquid and hang it to allow it to dry. Thats it! You can use it as a holiday ornament or other decoration.You can store the starfish by wrapping it gently in tissue paper to protect it from dust and humidity. Tips and Tricks Borax allows the natural color of the starfish to show. However, if you want to add color, you can. Simply add a small amount of food coloring when you mix the borax and water. The food coloring does not color the crystals, but it will dye the starfish.Try growing crystals on small shells. Youll have the best success with porous shells because they provide places for the crystals to attach and grow. More Crystal Holiday Decorations Borax Crystal SnowflakeCrystallized Holiday StockingCrystal Paper SnowflakesMore Holiday Ornament Projects

Case study # An Invisible Superintendent Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

# An Invisible Superintendent - Case Study Example However, considering the busy schedule of the superintendent, Dr. Myer could have sought alternative options of communications. For instance provide written a submission of her proposal. The conduct of the superintendent may not be voluntary. Since acquiring his job, he has been provided with numerous tasks that may require more time that he has to attend to all his duties. For instance, he was appointed to the board of a local bank and local United Way (Lecture Notes, 2014, pp.6, Par 2). In this case, the professional conflict between the school and other working positions is created. As a board member, he is required to perform administrative duties in all these institutions. These acquaintances can be attributed to the behavior on being absent in his administrative post at the school. However, at one time the superintendent was attending to a family emergency, and Dr. Myers needed his presence at the school. His absence at work place is also caused by the conflict in his personal relationship and professional life. Dr. Myers was justified and appropriate. As a board member, she had the opportunity to inspire people of Placid Falls. She developed a project that would increase the significance of the school in the district. She was hopeful and accurate that the project would be successful. However, to her disappointment she could get the superintendent to approve of her proposal. Furthermore, she was dissatisfied that she was not provided with the opportunity to present the proposal to the board. For this reason, she was angered by the school administration to ignore the seriousness of the issue. However, she was in a position to push her proposal to the board through other channels. Additionally, she could seek legal guidance from her husband on the best way to handle the situation. The role of a head school administrator requires a person that may spend a lot of time at their work station. For this reason,

Benefits And Necessity Of Bilingual Education In Schools And Essay

Benefits And Necessity Of Bilingual Education In Schools And Universities - Essay Example The broader view perceives bilingual education as the presence of double languages, and, hence, tasks for students, in an instructional environment. However, while many people think bilingual education is ineffective and unnecessary, I have discovered it to be otherwise. Critics have opined for long that bilingual education is financially beyond most foreign parents and, therefore, unnecessary. Their view has always been that the cost of educating the minority-language learners in classes undertaking bilinguals in foreign countries is more than that it requires educating students in dominant-only language programs (Crawford 71). A political view has also stated that encouraging bilingual education in universities encourages minority-language students to go against assimilation initiatives as they protest the teaching of the dominant language (Crawford 39). Although most of them are willing to live as part of mainstream society, they are not as ready to let go or alter their culture a nd native languages. This aspect is further compounded among the more informed university students who tend to associate the term â€Å"bilingual student† with uneducated or poor backgrounds as it has been stereotyped in the US or Europe (Lindholm-Leary 68). Furthermore, a public perspective of government-implemented programs on bilingual education has been of that intended to assimilate immigrants into the American culture hence, working in an opposite direction as to its intended outcome. Most foreign students are welcomed with the idea of being isolated linguistically, limiting their learning and earning potential while in foreign countries.

Building Construction for the Fire Service Research Paper

Building Construction for the Fire Service - Research Paper Example This need highlighted the importance of having building codes and standards so that a uniform design approach and criteria should be followed by everyone. Hence no risk is to be taken. As we are aware of the fact that there are two phases of the establishment of the any facility or building, firstly it is the design of the structure and second is the construction or execution phase of the design. In the modern day the different building codes and standards restricts the builder and designer to make structures safe. It is also observed that when ever I collapse is seen these building codes and standards are reviewed for any mistakes and error and consequently they are changed and amended. If we scrutinize the building codes and standards we come to a conclusion that they are consider worst conditions in loading such as dead loading, live , wind and even earth quakes but fire loading was not seriously considered as a probable cause of collapse of the structure until collapse of the Wor ld Trade Center in New York terrorist attack. But now the latest codes consider the fire as an equally probable cause of collapse of structure. In this paper I would go about the problem in the similar manner as engineers and designers did when drafting the codes and standards against the fire and its impact loading, where I will focus on the following . 1. General building design and Construction methodologies 2. Causes Of Collapses Of Structures 3. Progressive Collapse Analysis 4. Fire-Induced Progressive Collapse 5. Impact of collapses on the Building codes and standards General building design and Construction methodologies As far as the fire protection is concerned the building design and type of construction the National Fire Protection Association, (NFPA 220, 2006) has classified into two types, and firstly there are those buildings where the construction material is combustible (wood, steel) and secondly noncombustible for instance concrete and bricks. On the other hand the Association has divided it into five sub categories according to the fire resisting rating and construction methodologies of the structure as a whole. Type I is fire-resistive construction this type of construction mainly consist of non combustible materials and have a fairly good fire resistance rating that is it can resists fire for about 3-4 hours and this category include materials such as precast concrete slabs, concrete columns and beams. Type II is Noncombustible type, it consists of building having steel beams and girders, which are low on fire resistance rating, and are prone to large deformation and resulting into ultimate failure. Type III is the ordinary construction which comprises of mixed construction material which used in combination of steel, wood and concrete. The older this type of construction gets the more will be the risk of fire and hence more chances will be there of a complete structural collapse. Then comes the Type IV which is Heavy Timber structures, as the name depicts that these building types consists of heavy wood and almost all the structural elements are of wood, which we all are well aware very much prone to fire but at the same time these type of structures burns for a longer time and hence no sudden collapse is seen and some time is given to the inhabitants to escape the facility. Lastly it is Type V which is Wood Frames these are those building types which have a wooden frame as main skeleton of the structure but

Communication Unit Essay Example for Free

Communication Unit Essay To build relationships – by smiling, waving or simply saying hello when building a relationship with a new child, new member of staff or new parents settling into our setting. †¢Maintaining relationships – by simply saying hello or goodbye to people and children in our setting is maintaining a relationship which involves a lot of our language and communication use. To gain and share information – which helps us in the way we work. Information we gain and share not only comes from the children but from the parents, families, colleagues and other professionals. †¢To gain reassurance and acknowledgement – by giving children praise, physical reassurance, making eye contact or showing interest in what activity they are doing as well as providing colleagues with reassurance and acknowledgment in sharing new ideas and information. To express needs and feelings – this includes colleagues, parents and children as we need to be able to express our needs and feelings in order for needs to be met and for the effective running of the setting. †¢To share ideas and thoughts – this includes colleagues, parents and children such as creative ideas and thoughts. (A. C 2) It is important to establish good relationships with children, parent, colleagues and other professionals to ensure the effective running of our setting which allows for us to plan and meet their individual needs. Those with good communication skills such as body language, facial expressions and ways in which others listen and talk to you, will have strong relationships with parents, colleagues, children and other professionals. Some ways that communication affects relationships are: †¢Sharing and gaining information – as we need to be able to share and gain information to help the effective running of the setting which may include information on how the child is feeling, what interests them, any information to do with their health and welfare such as any allergies, or conditions i. . asthma, learning needs i. e. referrals to speech and language therapist. †¢Settling in – as children would feel uncomfortable settling in until they are comfortable with us which means that finding ways to communicate with the child is important to start building a relationship with them which will help settle them. It is not only the child who may find it hard but their parents also so it is important to find ways to communicate with the parents to build a relationship where they have total confidence and trust in us to care for their child. Supporting children’s play and learning – this depends on the quality of the relationship between adult and child as children play and learn more effectively when they are relaxed and comfortable with those around them. They will also benefit from playing and learning activities with adults through good communication which can allow adults to help them learn new vocabulary, develop different concepts and express ideas. †¢As children get older they will move between different setting s s uch as from day nursery to nursery school which means they will be around different carers during a day. This can be made easier if all adults involved share a good relationship which allows them to communicate easily. †¢Effective teams – as we often work with other professionals it is important for us to work well together and build strong professional relationships as the quality of relationships with other professionals can be enhanced or threatened depending on how we speak to them, react to their ideas or suggestions and the tone in which we speak to them. It is important to have a good relationship as if the relationship has broken down then the quality of service for children and their families is likely to be less effective. Outcome 2: Be able to meet the communication and language needs, wishes and preferences of individuals (A. C 1) This will be seen in observation. (A. C 2) There are a number of factors that early years workers need to consider in promoting effective communication with others as it is essential to consider different communication methods which are the right communication style, although most of our communication is based on face to face interactions there are certain factors we need to consider when using this communication style such as: Environment which is important to think about the location as in a busy and loud environment it is hard to communicate and have a conversation such as for parents and young people we may choose a quiet place whereas with toddlers and young children we need to provide a welcoming and friendly place. Proximity, orientation and posture which helps us to be sensitive towards other peoples needs such as children who we may have a strong positive relationship with may feel better having us close to them but with children who we do not know this might scare or push them away which also requires us o be observe when communicating. Also how to position your body when communicating as to not be so direct when standing right in front of a child or adult as this makes it uneasy to break eye contact which could make the encounter uncomfortable where standing at a slight angle allows it to be less direct and at ease to break off eye contact, although it is not only how you position your body but o n posture also whether standing or sitting as you do not want to seem bored by maybe being slouched down. It is important to think about what signals we give out. Listening skills which is also known as active listening which requires not only listening but observing body language, gestures, facial expressions and other signals that are being sent out by the child or adult. By giving your full attention to the other person is not just listening to what they are saying but on how they say it which is important when encouraging young children’s speech and dealing with parents. Time it is important to not rush communication as children and adults need time to think of how to respond and what they would like to communicate in conversation. A. C 3) This will be seen in observation. (A. C 4) This will be seen in observation. Outcome 3: Be able to overcome barriers to communication (A. C 1) Communication is based on sharing and is important to remember when promoting effective communication is that not everyone shares the same views and experiences such as childhoods, culture, family background or linguistic knowledge. Therefore we can not be sure that our own personal styles of communication will be effective. A number of factors that can affect people’s communication are: Culture and family background affects the way in which people communicate as in some cultures eye contact is interpreted differently and is not essential in the way they communicate as well as family background as each family is different and share their own ways of communicating together such as children who hear bad language at home and repeat it not realising or a child who hears more than one language at home. Some children may come from a loud and confident family whereas another may come from a shy and timid family which affects the way they communicate in childhood and in adulthood. Personality can affect the way in which children and adults communicate as early on we can see children who are more daring and outgoing yet they may not have developed language. Identifying and observing a person’s personality is important to communication as a child or adult may seem not interested or bored where it is actually they do not like to speak in groups or to people they do not know. Literacy which involves reading and writing as some may have developed these to a higher level whereas others may find them difficult for different reasons such as learning difficulties or language barriers. ICT knowledge which involves sending and receiving emails, having internet phone conversations or accessing and uploading photos or video clips. Although some people may share them same difficulties they may have with literacy and may or may not prefer this type. Confidence and self-esteem are the main factors in the kinds and styles in which people communicate which could lead on from previous experiences they have encountered such as a child was made fun of because they said or spelt a word wrong so in later life they avoid spelling and writing, where a child who listens may become a confident adult who will share their opinions and views. A. C 2) Some potential barriers to effective communication are: Information the sender may want to send but have language difficulties and is unable to express themselves in spoken or written forms. They may also not understand others needs. ( Encoding as the sender may send out an inappropriate method of communication such as a written formal le tter rather than a verbal conversation. The sender could also may have difficulty in choosing appropriate words or use an inappropriate tone of voice. The sender may write illegibly or have language difficulties and are unable to express themselves. ( Transfer such as emails may not be received, post may go missing, background noise may interfere, verbal or written messages sent through children may not come across fully, voice mail may not be listened to by recipient or verbal messages sent by an adult may not come across fully. ( Reception as people suffer from hearing difficulties they may not realise that the communication was meant for them or a person with a visual impairment may not be able to see facial expressions. Gestures or written messages clearly. ( Decoding the recipient may not understand or hear the message correctly because of language difficulties, may not have the time or experience to fully understand the intended message, their past experiences influence how they receive and interpret messages, the relationship between sender and recipient may influence communication whether the sender is someone the recipient does not know or the recipient may be distracted and not listen fully to the message. ( Feedback may not be seen which means the sender may not realise that there are difficulties in their method of communication, they may not show any facial expressions or may interpret the recipient reaction wrong. ( Response may not be sent back and the message has not been received or fully understood or the sender may respond negatively as method of communication is misunderstood or unclear. (A. C 3) This will be seen in observation. (A. C 4) This will be seen in observation. (A. C 5) There will be a time when extra support may be needed to share effective communication with a child or adult and to meet their needs which include: Speech and Language Services which we may need the support of such as speech and language therapists who help us find was of communicating with children and young people. They would also provide us with support, guidance and suggestions of resources we can use to help aid us in communicating with children and young people such as the picture exchange communication system (PECS) or provide training in visual systems like makaton. Speech and language therapists work closely with infants, children and adults who have various levels of speech, language and communication problems. They would also work with people who have swallowing difficulties. They would assess the clients needs before developing individual treatment programmes which would enable the client to improve as much as possible involving families, carers and teachers. Speech and language therapists usually work as part of a multidisciplinary team with other health professionals such as doctors, occupational therapists, psychologists and physiotherapists and may also liaise with professionals in education and social services. Speech and language therapists job responsibilities include: †¢ identifying children’s development †¢ Identifying their speech and communication difficulties/disorders †¢ Assess and treat swallowing and communication difficulties caused by congenital problems like cleft palate or acquired disorders from a stroke or injury †¢ Devise, implement and revise treatment programmes †¢ Monitor and evaluating clients progress Advocacy Services as part of the united nations convention on the rights of the child we are obliged to share information with children and young people on matters that are important to them. The child would then be assigned an advocate who’s job role is to put forward the child’s best interests and to relay to others the feelings and needs of the child or young person. Advocates are particularly essential for children and young people who are in local authority care or for children and young people with communication difficulties. One type of childrens advocate represents or gives voice to an individual or group whose concerns and interests are not being heard. A child advocate will try to prevent children from being harmed and may try to obtain justice for those who have already been injured in some way. A child advocate may also seek to ensure that children have access to positive influences or services which will benefit their lives such as education, child care and proper parenting. Another form of child advocacy happens at the policy level and aims at changing the policies of governments or even trans national policies. These advocates do lobbying, policy research, file lawsuits and engage in other types of policy change techniques. Outcome 4: Be able to apply principles and practices relating to confidentiality (A. C 1) Confidentiality is data protection and is about respecting people‘s right to privacy and keeping information safe which they have provided and not share with other people or pass on personal information about the families and children you are working with, except when it is in a child’s best interest to do so e. g. here are concerns about a child’s welfare as they are showing signs of abuse so I would approach my boss or manager about it but not discuss it with anyone else unless it concerns them or if a parent has asked for the contact details of another child’s family where I could not give that information as I do not have consent to give it out nor do I have access to such information. Otherwise as a main rule it is essential to consider all gained inf ormation as confidential. Most settings have a confidentiality policy to help ensure that this applied which all employees MUST read and apply to their work. Congeniality is very important when working with children and young people that there is a legislation that covers all the stored information. That legislation is Data Protection Act 1998. The Data Protection Act 1998 covers both electronic records and paper based records. It strictly regulates the keeping of records, passing of information and the storing of data. The act was created to protect people’s confidential and personal information from being shared without consent. Any work settings that collect and store information about children, young people and their families must register with the Data Protection Commission and anyone who has access to any of the information must follow the acts principles. All information stored must also be up to date and access secured. (A. C 2) This will be seen in observation. (A. C 3) When working in early years settings parent and children have a right to confidentiality although there may be some times when the need to maintain confidentiality will be breached if disclosing concerns such as if there are concerns about a child’s welfare e. g. abuse. Where abuse of a child or young person is suspected all settings should have a designated person/s to deal with child protection issues. If you have concerns that a child is being abused it is our job to disclose this information to the designated person of the setting unless you think by disclosing the information will put the child/young person in further danger which can be very hard to work out so having colleagues to discuss this will help you come to a quick and more accurate conclusion. This can become very difficult if you feel that there is a child or young person abuse issue and the designated person thinks that there isn’t. I think if you have a doubt then it is better to be safe than sorry and maybe monitor the child gathering more information but if the child is in significant danger then report it to the safeguarding board immediately. Parents will have had a copy of the child protection policy which states that information regarding every child will be disclosed if it is deemed that any child is in significant harm or danger which gives us the right to report any kind of abuse to the safeguarding board without the parents, carers or guardians permission. However it is important to follow the right steps whilst reporting a case of abuse or a suspected case, we need to gather the correct information such as if a child or young person discloses information to you do not promise to keep a secret because we will have to disclose the information given and this will make the child think that they cannot trust that person anymore as they trusted you in the first place to disclose the information. Also a main feature of sexual abuse is that the abuser asks the child to keep this a secret between them. Breaching confidentiality is very serious and most settings have a procedure in which you should follow in the case that breaching confidentiality arises. Information should be passed quickly and directly to the person in charge of dealing with such concerns although confidentiality is still upheld so that other staff, parents, etc do not know anything about the concerns UNLESS they do need to know.

Animal Testing and Researching Essay -- Biology Medical Biomedical Ani

Animal Testing and Researching Animal testing is supported by some, but opposed to others. The growing number of animals used in research differs among the different countries. The fruit fly and nematode are the most used animal in testing. However, the most common mammals used in animal research are mice and rats. Shaved albino rabbits and guinea pigs suffer severe testing for skin irritancy and eye irritancy. Though the usage of non-human primates are outlawed in some countries, the U.S. still finds the need to use them. The U.S. government uses tax dollars for testing pesticides and flourine products on animals. Animal testing has been a subject of controversy throughout the years. Though it may seem like a ?cruel and unusual punishment? to some, others see it as an opportunity to expand the knowledge of our constantly changing society. These experiments are the beginning of a new perspective in scientific evolution, but an end for others. Some examples of animal researching and testing would be mutagenesis, evolution, genetics, product safety, and so forth. According to the Laboratory Primate Advocacy Group, it is estimated that one hundred million animals are experimented on around the world and twenty-three to twenty-five million belong to the United States. The Department of Agriculture (USDA) states that in 2004, 26,573 rabbits, 105,678 farm animals, 64,932 dogs, 23,640 cats, 54,998 non-human primates, 244,104 guinea pigs, 175,721 hamsters and 171,321 other mammals--excluding mice and rats which make up over 80% of the number of animals tested on. The number of mice and rats are not recorded, but it is estimated that a plethora of these animals are utilized, ranging from fifteen million to twenty million. (Wikipedia... ...wn life. People?s beliefs differ with their background, whether animal testing is a pro or con. Nowadays, animals are tested a lot more humanely than the past. Fortunately, researchers are finding more alternatives to testing animals and the numbers of unnecessary deaths are decreasing. Bibliography Bennie I. Osburn, DVM, PhD, Dean. "The Mouse in Science: Why Mice? ." . 1996. UC Davis. 22 July 2006 . Best, Steven; Bentham, Jeremy; Francione, Gary; Langley, Gill . "Wikipedia." . 23 July 2006. . 23 July 2006 . "U.S. Government Testing Programs." . . . 23 July 2006 . "World Animal Net: Cosmetics Testing - Background." . . British Union for the Abolition of Vivisection. .

Lost at Sea Exercise

Lost at Sea Exercise – Leadership & Team Building Lost at Sea Scenario Your team has chartered a yacht. None of you have any sailing experience. You hired a skipper & two-person crew. As you sail through the Southern Pacific Ocean, a fire breaks out & much of the yacht & its contents are destroyed. The yacht is sinking. Your location is unclear because navigational & radio equipment have been damaged. The skipper & crew have been lost to the fire. Your best guess is that you are approximately 1,000 km southwest of the nearest landfall.You and your friends have managed to save the following items: ( A shaving mirror [pic] (A quantity of mosquito netting [pic] ( A 19 liter can of water [pic] (A case of army rations [pic] (Maps of the Pacific Ocean [pic] (A floating seat cushion [pic] (A 7. 5 liter can of oil / petroleum mixture [pic] (A small transistor radio [pic] (186 square decimeters of Opaque plastic sheeting[pic] (Shark repellent [pic] (1. 1 liters of 160 per cent proof ru m [pic] (4. 5 meters of nylon rope [pic] (2 boxes of chocolate bars [pic] (A fishing kit [pic] pic]Also, you have salvaged a rubber life raft. In your team’s pants pockets there’s 1 package of cigarettes, 3 boxes of matches & 3 $20 bills. [pic] YOUR CHANCES OF SURVIVAL WILL DEPEND UPON YOUR ABILILTY TO RANK THE 14 ITEMS IN THEIR ORDER OF IMPORTANCE. GOOD LUCK! [pic] Lost at Sea Exercise Instructions Part 1 Participants should divide into teams of 5 and then be given 10 minutes to individually rank the 14 items. Part 2 Team members should then confer for an additional 10 minutes and decide on the team’s priority ranking of the 14 items.Part 3 Team members should then compare their individual rankings with those determined by the group as a whole, and discuss why the scores differ, if applicable. Or, if individuals would re-rank items based on the group discussion, what changed their minds? How where they influenced by the group? Lost at Sea Suggested Answers / Ra tionale According to the experts (United States Coastguard), the basic supplies needed when a person is stranded mid-ocean are articles to attract attention and articles to aid survival until rescue arrives.Without signaling devices, there is almost no chance of being spotted and ultimately rescued. Furthermore, most rescues occur within the first 36 hours and a person can survive with only a minimum of food and water during that period. So, the following is the order of ranking the items in their importance to your survival: 1. The shaving mirror would be critical for signaling. 2. The oil / petroleum mixture would also be critical for signaling. The mixture will float on water & could be ignited with the paper currency & a match. 3. The water would be necessary to replenish fluids lost through perspiration. . One case of army rations would provide basic food intake. 5. The opaque plastic sheet could be used to collect rain water and provide shelter from the elements. 6. The chocol ate bars could provide reserve food supply. 7. The fishing kit is ranked lower than the chocolate since ‘a bird in the hand is worth two in the bush’, and there is no guarantee that you will catch any fish. 8. The nylon rope could be used to secure people or equipment to prevent them from being washed overboard. 9. The floating seat cushion is a life preserver if someone fell overboard. 10.Shark repellent 11. The 160 per cent proof rum contains 80% alcohol, which is enough to be used as an antiseptic for any injuries; otherwise, it is of little value. It will cause dehydration if ingested. 12. The small transistor radio would be of no use without a transmitter. You would also be out of range of any radio station. 13. Maps of the Pacific Ocean would be worthless without navigation equipment. 14. The mosquito netting would not be necessary, as there are NO mosquitoes in the mid-Pacific Ocean, and the fishing kit would be more effective for catching fish.

Session Long Project: Working on a Negative Letter

Dear Ms. Ambrose, Thank you for allowing me to examine your case.   I went over your files, which you gave in the 5th day of May 2008.   I saw that you are 16 years old, a graduate of high school through tests conducted by the General Education Development (G.E.D.) in February 6, 2007, and has earned 15 semester college hours at the New Jersey City University on the first semester of S.Y. 2007-2008.   It is also indicated here, in the files that you submitted on May 5, that you scored a good 71 on your Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB) test, which should earn you the right to enter the U.S. Navy here and then, especially that you are about to turn 17 years old this coming month. When I took your case to the office on the 8th day of this month, the numbers show that, for the enlistment of 2007-2008, G.E.D. graduates have filled up the 5% allowable applicants only this past week or specifically in April 30, 2008.   You have filed your request of application in the 5th of May 2008, but you will still get the chance to file again, since we are always open to applicants who are willing to join and launch an enjoyable career.   We should wait, however, for the next set of enlistments, which should be offered by August 2008.   By then, you should have turned 17 years old, with no reason for not being accepted in the navy. If you want, I can send another application to you once the door is open again for enlistment applicants.   That will only take about 2-3 months from now, which is only a little time, as compared to the vast opportunities that you will be having for the following years ahead.   I am sure that you will have no problems by then, especially if you earn more semester college hours, which you can still take in these three months that you have.   For the meantime, it would be best to wait for the next luck, which should arrive this August.   This can be an opportunity to get better standing, which should reflect well in your upcoming files. Good luck and see you again this August. Sincerely, _________________ SH1 (SW/AW) Jermaine Moore United States Navy Recruiter NRS Bossier City, Louisiana The principles The principles that were used in creating the letter above are mostly from the article of Joel Bowman (2002) of Western Michigan University.   I tried to be as logical and believable as I can be, without getting too formal, so that the reader will feel the concern of the letter writer (although not very emotional).   I tried to indicate that what I was relaying to her was nothing very tragic or sad because another set of enlistments should arrive by the following 2-3 months. The letter mirrored that what was happening was for the best of both the writer and the reader—a win-to-win situation—and even if the applicant’s request for admission has been denied, there are other opportunities in the future, which the writer would be pleased to accompany the reader.   I tried to show that the event was reasonable and legitimate, with the intention of offering the reader some alternatives that might help in her getting accepted in the next opportunity. This is to compensate for the shortcoming, which makes the letter forward-looking (instead of backward-looking), motivational, and not very negative to read.   It makes the reader realize that the letter does not really indicate refusal or rejection but more of a delayed opportunity.   I tried to minimize the impact by trying to point out that the opportunity is not lost but would come again in the months ahead. The parts Following the lecture of Bowman (2002), the letter that was presented is composed of the following: (1) The ‘pace’ portion that, in this letter, dictates the thankfulness of the writer for allowing him to examine the case, as well as the information that the writer has received concerning the case.   (2) The ‘lead’ portion that dictates the major episode that has led the writer to create a letter for the reader, which should include the negative message that is the reason for filing the negative letter.   In this letter, it reflects that G.E.D. applicants were accepted only until April 30, 2008.   (3) The ‘blend outcomes’ portion that changes the angle of the letter from negative to positive; it turns the message from backward-looking to forward-looking.   In this letter, this part says that the reader will get the chance to file again by August of the same year.   Finally, (4) the ‘motivate’ portion, which dictates why the alternative would suit and benefit the reader, with the decision to offer support and promote goodwill; this presents the reason on why the letter is not entirely negative, as it presents more positive opportunities that offer the reader some benefits. References Bowman, J. (2002). Writing negative messages. Business communication: managing information and relationships. Retrieved May 8, 2008, from Joel P. Bowman Homepage: http://homepages.wmich.edu/~bowman/badnews.html. Carroll, A. (2004). Letters†¦ we get stacks of letters and business notes. Retrieved May 8, 2008, from Dr. Jay’s Write Homepage: http://www.csun.edu/~vcecn006/lettr.html. Sittenfeld, C. (1999, March). Good ways to deliver bad news. Fast Company Magazine, 23. Retrieved May 8, 2008, from FastCompany.com database: http://www.fastcompany.com/magazine/23/buckman.html.         

Hamlet Soliloquy Essays

Hamlet Soliloquy Essays Hamlet Soliloquy Paper Hamlet Soliloquy Paper Hamlets soliloquy, O, what a rogue and peasant slave I am! is principally an expression of his emotional turmoil concerning the chaotic events that are taking place around him. Throughout this soliloquy, Hamlet is evidently taking a ride on a roller coaster of mixed emotions, where he tends to sink deep into his persona, portraying his inner thoughts and feelings towards himself and his delay of action. In Hamlets personal speech, his character reveals his obvious state of confusion and frenzy as he begins with passing judgment on himself to fretting about his procrastination of taking revenge, to finally motivating himself to the point where he comes to a resolution, thus depicting character to be the most vital dramatic importance in his soliloquy. Hamlet begins his soliloquy by criticizing himself, O, what a rogue and peasant slave I am (II. 2. 449)! He continues by talking about an actor who has to imagine and fake sorrow in order to let his tears flow over nothing. He then ironically compares himself to the actors overwhelming passion and comprehends the fact that he does not seem to possess that same passion in reality regarding his fathers death. This harasses his mind, and causes him to scold himself and think that he is a horrible person for his silent grief, hence giving his character low self-esteem. As the soliloquy continues, Hamlets character develops a reputation of being insecure and negligent, as he has not yet taken action to avenge his fathers murder. : Nonetheless, he is able to recognize his lack of accomplishment, which drives him to question his helplessness, Am I a coward (578), believing that he does signify as a coward for allowing so much time to go by without taking any vengeance and doing nothing on behalf of his own father. Hamlet calls pigeon-liverd (II. 2. 579) making his character seem as if he is in fear and does not have any will to take action. Also, with the confusion that his mind is undergoing, Hamlets self-preaching about his procrastination suddenly has him ranting and raving, I should have fatted all the region kites. Remorseless, treacherous lecherous, kindles villain (II. 2. 579-585)! In the starting of his speech, he is disappointed in himself for his lack of compassion about his fathers death. Evidence that he is not in his right mind is clear as he then gets irritated with his self for getting emotional, comparing himself to a woman, Must like a whore unpack my heart with words (II. 2. 587-589) This undoubtedly adds confusion to his character, as he is juggling his emotions. Towards the end of the soliloquy, Hamlet significantly provokes himself to the point where he visualizes a plan of action and is ready to take the bull by the horns and defend his innocent, dead father. He decides that he will put on a play about his fathers murder so that he can see Claudius reaction of guilt. Along with his sudden ambition, Hamlet begins to feel an uncertainty about the ghost, thinking that it could possibly be a demon trying to take advantage of his weakness and sorrow. However, with little thought to this, he then abruptly shifts his mind back to his plan, the plays the thing, Wherein Ill catch the conscience of the king (II. 2. 606-607) Due to Hamlets sudden resolution, his character essentially gains determination and confidence. Thus, character is the most vital dramatic importance of Hamlets soliloquy. The confusion that he is in is evidently expressed though his character with his mixture of emotions. He seemed to be very offensive towards himself in the beginning for not showing any grief regarding his fathers death. He then sulked about his delay of action, which made him emerge with rage and compassion, and was once again irritated with himself for showing that much emotion. After that, Hamlet finally comes to a solution about avenging his fathers murder and capturing his uncles guilt. While excited about his plan, he starts to think if he should doubt the ghost or not, and then finishes off by once again stating his objective. From beginning to end, Hamlets character went on a mental voyage from self-disgust to self-assured.

Internet marketing of Dell Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Internet marketing of Dell - Case Study Example In 1997 this Texas based company was converting every $1 invested into $1.54 - well ahead of IBM who could only offer $0.47. (McWilliams, 1997). Today (2006-02-17) it's stock opened at $31.99 with almost 40m trades. In his book Direct From Dell Michael Dell describes his moment of epiphany. In the first 6 months of 1993 the company made a $65 million loss from inventory write-downs partly due to an industry wide price war started by Compaq. At this time it had moved from its original direct sales model to a retailer model (Kraemer and Dedrick, 2001). Dell subsequently returned to a business model for minimizing inventory and maximising return on investment. Dell complemented this with its vision of a 'virtually integrated business' in which information is more important than assets. Dell used the Internet to bring customers and suppliers into the business. Dell already provided its clients and partners with a time-conscious, customer-centric approach. It was this low-cost, fast-paced customer-centric business model philosophy which Dell translated to the Internet and which ultimately led to increased dividends and market share. This is the key point; it is not enough simply to add technology - it must be evaluated to ensure that poor processes and practices are not replicated. Bringing in technology is an opportunity to re-engineer poor processes and practices. Failure to do so will mean that the same mistakes will be replicated at the speed of light. The Internet brings the added risk that potential clients and business partners will be able to see at a glance that an organization is not able to meet its needs due to internal structural weaknesses. Before the Internet was opened up for commercial use in 1995 Dell employees were accessing financial reports, customer data, technical and product information as well as HR data across the corporate intranet, which was known as Dellnet. By 1995 essentially Dell used the Internet to offer the same tools to its clients and business partners as it gave internally to its sales team. This 'value web or the virtual corporation' (Kraemer and Dedrick, 2001, page 9) allowed Dell to expand its business without increasing its overheads. Prior to launching Dell.com Dell was already ahead of its competitors in shaping demand by providing advisories to corporate IT buyers, educating them about alternatives and persuading them that it could offer a better return on their IT dollars, and lower their overall cost of ownership. For example, as part of its custom-built approach to hardware Dell's sales advisors were provided with compatible but also easily available parts, which they would then suggest to clients who invariably agreed with the 'expert' sales team. (McWilliams, 1997). As Dell's products were only available by direct order it was able to take advantage of just-in-time manufacturing where it was able to see a 6% profit advantage over its competitors. Dell also insisted that components used in its machines were warehoused within 15-30 minutes of its manufacturing line (Kraemer and Dedrick, 2001). From the beginning Dell used the Internet to build on those strategic advantages. The Internet became one of its mos t effective communication techniques to build its brand, eliminate the middleman and segment its market. In particular

Event Study - Rethinking Corporate Governance Essay

Event Study - Rethinking Corporate Governance - Essay Example Inbev is a giant brewer which is based in Belgium and Anheuser Busch is also a brewer that is based in the United States of America. Inbev acquired Anheuser Busch-Inbev and the first announcement on the acquisition was made on 11th June 2008 as mentioned above. The paper shall first carry out an analysis of the data and techniques used to carry out the event study, secondly the paper shall carry out an event study for an event window of 21 days around the event announcement day which is made up of 10 days before the even t and 10 days after the event, thirdly, the paper shall summarize the findings obtained after carrying out the event study and finally the paper shall interpret the results and offer a conclusion on the event study. Data and techniques The data used for this event study is the daily adjusted closing stock prices for Anheuser Busch-Inbev for the period between 9th August 2007 and 25th June 2008 and the daily adjusted closing prices of the Euronext BEL-20 Index for the same period of time. The adjusted closing prices for both the company and the index were obtained from yahoo finance database (Yahoo finance 2012a and Yahoo finance 2012b). The adjusted closing prices were then used to calculate the daily returns on the company’s share price and the daily returns on the index which represents the return of the market. This is done by using the formula P1/P-1-1where P1 is the adjusted closing price of the stock or the index in day 1 and P-1 is the adjusted closing price of the same stock or index in the previous day. The returns of the Anheuser Busch-Inbev for the 200 days before the event window which is the period between 9th August 2007 and 26th of May 2008 were regressed on daily returns of the index between the same period to arrive at the value of beta and alpha for the company which were then used to calculate the expected returns of the stock during the event window using the market model method. The cumulative abnormal returns during the event window were then analyzed to determine if the event resulted into a significant change in the stock price during the event window (Lee 2001). Event study results The daily returns of both the Anheuser Busch – Inbev stock and the Euronext BEL 20 index were calculated using the formula explained above. The regression of the daily returns of the stock on the returns of the index for the 200 days before the event window resulted into a beta of 0.09 which is the risk of the stock in relation to the market. The regression also resulted into an alpha value of -0.004%. The alpha and beta for Anheuser Busch – Inbev is then used to calculate the expected returns of the stock for window period which is 10 days before the announcement of the merger the date of the merger announcement and 10 days after the announcement of the merger. The actual returns are then subtracted from the actual returns to arrive at the abnormal returns as shown in the event window table