On Morphology of Thermoplastic Polyester Elastomer (TPE-E) Research Paper

On Morphology of Thermoplastic Polyester Elastomer (TPE-E) - Research Paper Example The astounding adaptability and utility of TPE-Es is a result of their particular structures. TPE-Es have a biphasic structure with one stage staying delicate at room temperature and the other staying hard at room temperature (Holden 2010). The delicate fragments are nebulous while the hard sections are organized/crystalline, and both the portions are immiscible (Jelinski, Schilling and Bovey 1981; Sarwade and Singh 2003). The hard section becomes fluidic when warmed and confers a thermoplastic nature to the polymer, while the delicate fragment grants an elastomeric nature (Sarwade and Singh 2003; Holden 2010). The hard sections structure noncovalent systems that are thermally reversible, depending on intramolecular cooperations for their steadiness (Jelinski, Schilling and Bovey 1981). A straightforward TPE-E copolymer structure contains rotating A-B-A squares, where An is the hard stage, and B is the delicate stage (Holden 2010). The hard and delicate stages are haphazardly joined head-to-tail, yielding the copolymers (Witsiepe 1973). The general structure of TPE-E copolymers is as per the following: SOFT HARD if there should be an occurrence of TPE-Es, the delicate stage involves polyethers while the hard stage includes polyesters. By shifting the general measures of every one of these two stages, the properties of the copolymer can be balanced (Witsiepe 1973). Electron infinitesimal examinations by Cella have demonstrated that stage partition happens in these polyether-polyether co-polymers underneath their softening focuses (refered to in Witsiepe 1973). The morphology of TPE-Es contains the delicate fragment (polyether), which is the consistent indistinct stage alongside blended sections of polyesters that have not been solidified due to their little size, high dissolve thickness or because of chain snare (Witsiepe 1973). While a portion of the polyesters stay as short fragments in the delicate constant stage, the rest of the polyesters exist as firmly as sociated fibrillar crystalline lamellae. This crystalline system of the hard stage alongside the delicate undefined nonstop stage frames a flexible system. In basic terms, as portrayed by Witsiepe (1973), â€Å"a pretty much constant crystalline system is superimposed on a consistent formless network† (p. 50). The synthetic structure of hard and delicate periods of a thermoplastic elastomer (TPE) influences its mechanical properties. Thusly, by trying different things with various mixes, TPEs with novel properties can be produced for mechanical purposes. Instances of mechanically noticeable TPE-Es incorporate Hytrel, Ecdel, RTP, Pibiflex, Keyflex and Riflex (Fakirov 2005). Hytrel designing thermoplastic elastomer is a TPE-Es made by E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Co. (Jelinski, Schilling and Bovey 1981; Fakirov 2005). This elastomer is accessible in changing sytheses of m teramethyline terephthalate, which is the hard fragment, and n poly (tetramethyleneoxy) terephthalate, whic h is the delicate section (Jelinski, Schilling and Bovey 1981). The concoction structure of Hytrel is demonstrated as follows: Like all TPE-Es, Hytrel has the adaptability and flexibility of rubbers and the quality and inflexibility of plastics, is as effectively processable as thermoplastics and comes in both norm and elite evaluations with a Shore D hardness extending from 30 to 82 (Fakirov 2005). C13 NMR concentrates by Jelinski, Schilling and Bovey (1981) have demonstrated that the widths of the aliphatic carbon chain of the delicate fragment of Hytrel are a direct capacity of the normal length of the hard

No Magic in William Shakespeare’s Words Essay -- Biography Biographies

No Magic in Shakespeare’s Words A decent work of fiction is more prominent than the entirety of words the creator put resources into it. Shakespeare is an extraordinary dramatist since his plays bear the heap of much theory and innovativeness from every one of its translators, not on the grounds that he thought of each conceivable last detail and image and explained it obviously. The synergistic adaptability of a play is particularly significant to plays that originate before the accentuation on innovation and copyright that turned out to be increasingly essential to writing in the eighteenth century as writers like Coleridge and different Romantics started to praise the temperances of creative mind and individual inventiveness. In Shakespeare’s time, one’s work was not one’s own. At the point when a work was offered to a distributer, it had a place with the distributer to be altered and modified how he picked. When composing for a theater, similar to Shakespeare, the play was reasonable game for anybody in the organization to alter and fix. An acting organization purchased the play similarly as a distributer would. Plays were likewise oftentimes written in groups for speed, since in the late 1580’s and mid 1590’s when Shakespeare was beginning, the ordinance of English dramatization was not exactly 10 years old, all plays w ere debut plays, with new ones being presented each fortnight. Adjustments were made continually, as exhausted on-screen characters included or transposed lines from others of the twenty jobs they were performing simultaneously, scenes were added to permit time for outfit changes, or the edits required line or plot changes. The writer, or one of the writers who each had composed a demonstration or distributed from the frameworks play, or maybe some of the entertainers dramatist was close by during the practice procedure to make emendations to the play. The second 50% of Sha... ... Along these lines, Shakespeare can remain our social saint, and what doesn’t work need not be totally cut, yet is comprehended as the debris of the timespan in which he lived staying in the work. In this manner, it isn't so much that Shakespeare shows up as a piece of Elizabethan culture, yet rather that Elizabethan culture shows up as a piece of Shakespeare(Shepherd and Womack, 92). Theater is community oriented in the outrageous, and present day perspectives about initiation and creativity can't change that reality. In this way, it isn't Shakespeare that jam Shakespeare’s functions as the English language’s most prominent works; the individuals keep on creating his plays. Regardless of how the work is performed, cut, modified, refreshed, this is the thing that keeps Shakespeare alive. There is no enchantment in Shakespeare’s words that his perusers didn't present on it. We make or break a work’s significance.

Surviving (and thriving) the Video Essay COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Surviving (and thriving) the Video Essay COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog Photo Credit Remember: The video essay is available after you submit your application and pay the application fee. The Video Essay component of the application process can seem terrifying, but fear not because we are here to help! At this point, you might feel both relieved at having submitted your application and tired that there’s the final final step to complete the application. We’ve been there and totally get it. It’s 100% normal! In writing this post, we found that each of us prepared for the video essay differently, which means there is no one ‘right’ way to prepare as everyone has their own process when it comes to it. We brainstormed on what we felt worked and also what we wish we had known when we were preparing. Here are the main steps we took to prepare for the Video Essay: Prepare like it’s an interviewor a first date George-Ann MIA 20 The video essay is a conversation between yourself and the Admissions team. There’s no judgement or pressure to be uber gregarious. Instead, prepare to chat about anything from pressing current affairs issues to your favorite flavor of ice cream. Read some news articles about current affairs, write and practise some talking points about yourself, relax, and, most importantly, be yourself. Unlike an interview, theres no expectation for you to be fully kitted out in a suit and tie â€" dressing comfortably is fine. Just remember that this is an externally facing video so wear something that you’d be comfortable wearing meeting new people. Give yourself time Stuart MIA 20 Remember, you can only start the video essay after completing the rest of the application, so its important to give yourself plenty of time prior to the application deadline. As with anything,  technical issues are certainly a possibility, and you don’t want you to be stressed about missing the deadline. One thing that all of us did early in the process was test our microphone and camera. I personally used Skype to test everything prior to even accessing the video essay, but you will also do this in Testing Mode within the video essay application. I also made sure the lighting was good and the microphone could clearly capture my voice (try to complete the essay in an area with limited background noise or use a headset). Looking and sounding my best helped improve my confidence, and I’d certainly recommend starting early as one of the best ways to make your video essay experience go smoothly. If you do encounter technical issues, don’t panic, you’re not the only one. First, follow the steps outlined  here to try to troubleshoot the issue. If that doesn’t resolve your issue, contact the admissions office immediately and they can provide further assistance. Take It Easy Steven MIA 20 So, I did the exact opposite of what George-Ann said and got decked out in a suit and tie (oops) and it was completely unnecessary (still looked good, though). I got way too amped for my question and almost stumbled out the gate. If I were to do it over again I would: Breathe and take a couple of seconds to read the question. If it is a policy question you know well, don’t try to jam all your knowledge into the video. Just answer the question and tag on anything extra after if there’s time. If it is a policy question you don’t know much about, focus more on what you have heard and what you think about it, or possible future developments of the topic. If it’s question about yourself, don’t overthink it, just speak calmly and slowly. Don’t be too concerned about providing the “right” answer. Make those 60 seconds count Nabila MPA 20 Yay, you’re ready to do that Video Essay! Once you’re done with Testing Mode, click the green READY button. This will give you your official prompt question. You will have 60 seconds to prepare for your answer so use those 60 seconds wisely! But, no pressure. Really. No Pressure. When I was preparing for the video essay, the general consensus on graduate school forums is that there is no one type of question. So I figured I should think about how I can best tackle any answer that comes my way, since the questions can really range from Brexit to the ideal SIPA student. My solution was to focus on structure, structure, structure. The general framework I used is a high-level essay structure. Effectively, a clear and concise 30-second elevator pitch that answers the question. When answering my question (Sadly, I forgot the question the moment I was done with the video essay because, adrenaline), I listed 3 points/ideas as a starting point and built it up by including examples to support those points. While I was tempted to go into a lot of details, I felt that the more ideas I had, the less clear my answers would be since 60 seconds goes by so quickly. You’d be surprised how much you can get done in 60 seconds when you need to! After that I took a deep breath to calm my nerves, and to remind myself to speak slowly, as I watched the seconds countdown to deliver the answer. Lastly, remember there’s more to the application than your Video Essay. The video essay is just one component of the application and it provides the Admissions Committee a sense of who you are given there is no opportunity for interviews. So just remember this is not the do-or-die factor for your application. Good luck! Want more resources? Click here for a walkthrough of how to access the app and what it looks like, see this post. Click here for a post on what to expect in the Video Essay.

Eagle Metaphor - 1607 Words

Material is a story about a young mans search to find his inner self. Michael Byers, also the protagonist in the short story, writes a story filled with different accounts of a summer he spent on a fish processor barge in order to relate his struggle to overcome issues that have plagued him as a writer and as person in general. Foremost, Byers worked on the barge to make money for college. A second underlying reason that Byers works on the barge is to find material to ignite his writing. During the time he spends on the barge he grows as a writer, but more importantly as a man. His uncles, which help him find the job for the summer, are men that Byers looks upon with admiration, describing them as massively, thrilling competent people†¦show more content†¦He saw them as men who took on a tough mans job. He states in the story that he made mental notes while on the airplane ride to Alaska of the type of men that were aboard the airplane with him. They were men that had rough, manly build to them. From the beginning of the story one gets a sense that Michael is not one of these men. He makes it a point to point out that he was completely opposite of these men. The differences that Michael observed not only included the size and look of these men, rather it also included the personality types that these men had about them. They were not ordinary men, as an ordinary man does not work in the cold waters of Alaska in an extremely dangerous job such as Artic fishing. It takes a man with courage. The first step that Michael took to attain the courage that he talks about later in life was actually working on the barge that summer. His wife and friend could not even belief that he actually worked on the barge. When he told the story, his wife joked that she did not really believe that Michael Byers, the same lanky Michael Byers, had actually worked on a barge. The eagle metaphor shows the process that Michael had to go through in order to fulfill his real quest that summer, not entirely his monetary needs, but the need to find courage to break away from his parents. The eagle sat in Dennys arms without fighting back. An eagle is an animal that is known to have a fierce and upfront personality.Show MoreRelatedHow Music Has Influenced The World980 Words   |  4 Pages1970s music industry transitioned the rebelliousness of the 1960s to the jubilant musical compositions of the 1980s. The American recording industry in the 1970s was a coalescence of many genres, most predominately disco, funk, and classic rock. The Eagles were classified as classic rock, which was expanded over the preceding decade. One of their top hits Hotel California, verbalizes a very subtle message, that many misinterpret the meaning of. In actuality, we surmise it verbalizes the devil and hisRead MoreThe Eagles As A Backup Band For Linda Ronstadt1471 Words   |  6 PagesBetter Let Somebody Love you The Eagles started out as any other band would by strumming their guitars and beating the drums in their garage of their parents house. Later, they began their real career as a backup band for Linda Ronstadt. The Eagles began as an all American Rock band in Los Angeles in 1971 by band members Glenn Frey, Don Henley, Bernie Leadon, and Randy Meisner. The Eagles, being number one in the world in the 70’s, have been given awards for their creativity and meaning in theirRead MoreThe Most Schizophrenic Literary Terms1458 Words   |  6 PagesThe Most Schizophrenic Literary Terms Mixtape in Existence 1. Allegory Hotel California- Eagles Contrary to a seemingly pervasive belief, the Eagles Hotel California isnt an ode to Satanism. Rather, the song serves as an ominous warning about the self destructive nature of greed and as a pointed criticism of the wildly hedonistic lifestyle frequently espoused during the 1970s. The Hotel California spoken of in the song serves as an allegory for a lifestyle that is undeniably alluring,Read MoreAnalysis Of Hotel California By The Eagles961 Words   |  4 PagesI have always enjoyed music with strong, meaningful lyrics so this option was the obvious choice for my final. I find myself constantly listening to music and have listened to â€Å"Hotel California† by The Eagles more times than I can count, making it another obvious choice for me. Although, when reading through the lyrics the first time, I realized that I had never understood the song meaning and the theme it is intended to portray. It was interesting to read through it with my own, as opposed to hearingRead MoreL anguage1186 Words   |  5 Pagescircumstances in which to use them. 1. Describe the meaning and function of each term. 1. Idiom is a language, dialect or speaking style peculiar to a people. 2. Analogy is a similarity between two like subjects on which a comparison can be based. 3. Metaphor is a figure of speech in which a term or phrase is applied to which is not literally applicable in order to suggest a resemblance. 4. Simile is a figure of speech in which two unlike things are explicably compared. 5. Clichà © is a sentence orRead MoreA Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey, By William Wordsworth And On First Looking Into Chapman s Homer1190 Words   |  5 Pageshis feeling of sublimity from reading Chapman s English translation. For instance, â€Å"Or like stout Cortez when with eagle eyes† (11). This simile demonstrates reading Chapman’s translation feels as if like the substitution of Cortez, and it compares with the feeling of what Cortez has experienced given that he was the first European to discover the Pacific Ocean. In addition, metaphors, which are very similar to similes, are also often used to compare one thing with another thing of a different kindRead MoreMaking Characters Come Alive in Modern Literature, Part 11281 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"John has a face like a cabbage† can be converted to â€Å"Johns cabbage-like face is easily recognized in a crowd.† In writing a characters description, authors should find a balance between simile and colorful adjective. The Trap of Metaphors The mixed metaphor gets first prize at exposing inexperienced authors, or simply those who just dont really care when writing a description (and regular authors, as well). To wit: â€Å"Without his pistol, John is a bird shot from the sky, his very foundationRead MoreA Lexical Pragmatic Analysis of Proverbs in Femi Osofisan’s Midnight Hotel.1504 Words   |  7 Pagesat least an ad hoc constituent which requires semantic modulation to get at the meanings of the proverbs. This modulation is not arbitrary, but contextually negotiated until the reader reaches his optimal relevance. Wilson and Carston argue that metaphors are cases of ad hoc constructions (7), for instance, when a speaker says, ‘The boy is a lion’. While a literary scholar would see this as metaphorical, Wilson and Carston believe that the above sentence is a case of the use of an ad hoc constituent-lion-Read MoreTennyson s The Arrow And The Charge Of The Light Brigade950 Words   |  4 PagesTennyson wrote, â€Å"The Eagle† and â€Å"The Charge Of The Light Brigade† was the ones that have been selected. Tennyson was one of the greats that came from the Victorian era. Tennyson wasn’t just known for being a poet, he was also known for writing plays and music. There will be some comparing and contrasting of â€Å"The Eagle† and â€Å"The Charge Of The Light Brigade† on the poetic devices Tennyson used and what inspired him to write both these poems. Tennyson was inspired to write â€Å"The Eagle† when he went toRead More Using Animals Symbolically by Using Poetic Devices Essay627 Words   |  3 PagesDevices I will be discussing the ways in which the poets use animals symbolically by using poetic devices. The three poems that I have chosen are â€Å"The Tyger† by William Blake, â€Å"The Eagle† by Alfred, Lord Tennyson. Lastly, Pied Beauty by Gerard Manley Hopkins. Alfred Lord Tennyson has used an image of an eagle to give the reader an image of a man standing on a cliff top waiting for his world to fall around him. He is in a desolate area; there is no society near him â€Å"ringed with the azure world

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Explain and assess Haidt’s ‘moral foundations’ theory Free Essays

string(170) " As there are a multitude of adaptive challenges faced by human beings, it seems likely that there are also many different mental tools fitted for a variety of purposes\." Introduction This essay will explain and assess Moral Foundations Theory (MFT), which was originally developed by Haidt, and which he has since worked on with a number of collaborators. The first part of this essay will outline the philosophical background of the theory, especially its relationship to Continental rationalism and British empiricism. This will be followed by an explanation and description of Haidt’s Social Intuitionist Model (SIM), which provides the essential mechanism by which MFT functions. We will write a custom essay sample on Explain and assess Haidt’s ‘moral foundations’ theory or any similar topic only for you Order Now Next will come an unpacking and explanation of the general claims of MFT, and the specific foundations it postulates. Finally, there will be an assessment of some of the various critiques of the theory, during which its strengths and weaknesses will be considered. It will be concluded that MFT is a strong theory on the whole, which builds on firm philosophical and scientific foundations and provides good descriptive representation of moral systems. MFT rejects the rationalist notion that morality can be accessed by a priori reason. Put simply, there are four main justifications for this: (1) there are two cognitive processes that occur in humans – reasoning and intuition – the former of which has been overemphasized; (2) reasoning is frequently motivated by other concerns; (3) the reasoning process tends to construct post hoc justifications, even though we experience the illusion of objective reasoning; and (4) moral action covaries with moral emotion more frequently than with moral reasoning. This is the heritage of Continental philosophy, whose champions were figures such as Descartes and Kant. The philosophical forerunners to MFT were the British empiricist philosophers, especially Shaftesbury, Hutcheson, Hume, and Smith. These men believed, to quote Hume, ‘that Reason is, and ought only to be the slave of the passions, and can never pretend to any other office than to serve and obey them.’ In phil osophy, this position now falls within the school of intuitionism. This ‘refers to the view that there are moral truths and that when people grasp these truths they do so not by a process of ratiocination and reflection but rather by a process more akin to perception.’ The social element comes in because intuition occurs in relation to other people. As Haidt puts it, ‘when faced with a social demand for a verbal justification, one becomes a lawyer trying to build a case rather than a judge searching for the truth’. Based on this intellectual heritage, Haidt developed the ‘Social Intuitionist Model’ (SIM). It is important to explain this properly because the ‘SIM is the prequel to MFT’, and provides the mechanism by which the latter works. There are a series of links in the SIM that explain how people relate to moral problems. The first is the intuitive judgement link. ‘The model proposes that moral judgments appear in consciousness automatically and effortlessly as the result of moral intuitions’. The second is post hoc reasoning. This entails moral reasoning (rather than judgement), which is an ‘effortful’ process in which individuals search for support for an existing, intuitive moral judgement. Research has revealed that ‘everyday reasoning is heavily marred by the biased search only for reasons that support one’s already-stated hypothesis.’ The third is the reasoned persuasion link. This is the process by which the indi vidual verbalises their reasoning in an attempt to persuade others of the validity of their already-made position. This reasoning can sometimes affect the views of others, but this rarely happens because moral judgements are not based on logical arguments but on intuition. It has been hypothesised that persuasion, when it occurs, is effective because it elicits new intuitive judgements in the listener. The importance of using affective persuasion to change affectively based attitudes has been demonstrated by Edwards and von Hippel. The fourth is the social persuasion link. Due to the fact that people are so receptive to the development of group norms, ‘the mere fact that friends, allies, and acquaintances have made a moral judgment exerts a direct influence on others, even if no reasoned persuasion is used’. This may indicate only outward conformity on occasion, but researchers have shown that private judgements can often be directly influenced by the views of others. There are two additional links that are hypothesised. One is the ‘reasoned judgment link’ by which people may at times reason their way to a judgment by sheer force of logic, overriding their initial intuition’. This tends to occur, however, when the ‘initial intuition is weak and processing capacity is high’. In other cases, it frequently leads to a kind of dualist way of thinking, where reasoned judgment is revealed verbally but the intuition continues to operate. Interestingly, on this point MFT diverges from the moral theory of Hume and the argument from pure intuition. If this link does exists, there is no explanation of how one can reason their way to a set of premises or axioms that can be used to support logic argument – unless, of course, they reason in a circle. The other link is the ‘private reflection link’, through which moral reasoning can have an indirect causal effect on moral judgement by triggering a new intuition . This is said to be why role-taking is so effective in creating new moral judgments. As Haidt puts it, ‘Simply by putting oneself into the shoes of another person, one may instantly feel pain, sympathy, or other vicarious emotional responses.’ MFT makes several broad claims, which will be presented here in no particular order. Firstly, it rejects the assumption of monism that all moral systems are ultimately reducible to a single goal or principle, most commonly generalised as forms of ‘justice’, ‘pleasure’ or ‘happiness’. Instead, it is pluralist and contends that there are numerous (but finite) basic values or virtues. As Isaiah Berlin put it, ‘there is a plurality of ideals, as there is a plurality of cultures and of temperaments.’ This is derived from the fact that it is heavily influenced by evolutionary biology, especially the concepts of kin selection and reciprocal altruism. It also builds on more recent work by de Waal (1996), Ridley (1996), among others. As there are a multitude of adaptive challenges faced by human beings, it seems likely that there are also many different mental tools fitted for a variety of purposes. You read "Explain and assess Haidt’ s ‘moral foundations’ theory" in category "Essay examples" The second claim is intuitionism, which has already been discussed at some length. To reiterate briefly, it is the assertion that ‘moral judgments, like other evaluative judgments, tend to happen quickly’, without any considerable regard for reasoning or drawn out evaluation. This aspect is encapsulated by Haidt’s (2001) SIM. Moral reasoning (as opposed to moral judgment) is generally utilised for strategic purposes in order to ‘to explain, defend and justify our intuitive moral reactions to others’. The third claim is nativism, which is the belief that there is a set of innate predispositions within human beings (‘innate’ in this case means ‘organized in advance of experience’). These are determined by genetic inheritance, but the ‘first draft’ of moral development is malleable and is changed during childhood and to an extent even during adulthood. Graham et al. employ the metaphor of writing a book, distinguishing between nature’s ‘first draft’ and the ‘editing process’ that begins with experience. Morality, therefore, ‘is innate and highly dependent on environmental influences’. The belief that nature has installed a kind of ‘preparedness’ in certain species, one of which is humans, is suggested by studies of rhesus monkeys conducted by Mineka and Cook (1988). Graham et al. (2012) ‘think of this innate organization as being implemented by sets of related modules which work t ogether to guide and constrain responses to each particular problem.’ The final claim is that morality is influenced by cultural learning. This takes places through a set of ‘learning modules’, which are innate and can be used to build on one’s genetic inheritance. For example, the tendency to bow in deference or respect is common to many cultures, but this is adapted to locally-specific cultural contexts and by ‘the time a Hindu girl reaches adulthood, she will have developed culturally-specific knowledge that makes her automatically initiate bowing movements when she encounters, say, a respected politician for the first time.’ In an American household, however, this foundation might be dropped early on. Despite both girls starting off with the ‘same sets of universal learning modules†¦.the universal (and incomplete) first draft of the moral mind gets filled in and revised so that the child can successfully navigate the moral â€Å"matrix† he or she actually experiences.’ Different societies us e different foundations to build their moralities, and some use all of them. MFT, therefore, is an intuitionist theory contending that human moral systems are the combination of innate predispositions and cultural learning. Additionally, judgements are made rapidly on the basis of a plurality of in-built mechanisms, which have been ‘hardwired’ into humans over the course of our species’ evolution. The rest of this essay will present, explain, and assess, in no particular order, the specific foundations postulated by MFT. There are supposedly five or six empirically supported ‘foundations’ for moral judgements, but MFT allows for others being discovered in the future. The first is the care/harm foundation. Human offspring ‘are unusually dependent, and for an unusually long time’ and the intuitive reactions of females have been ‘optimized to detect signs of suffering, distress, or neediness’ for the purpose of raising more offspring. ‘The original triggers of the Care/harm foundation are ‘visual and auditory signs of suffering, distress, or neediness expressed by one’s own child’, but they can be activated by other children, baby animals, stuffed toys with childlike qualities, or descriptions of suffering. This foundation leads to the creation of terms such as ‘kind’ and ‘cruel’, which are valued differently by different cultures (e.g., classical Sparta vs. Buddhist societies). The second is the fairness/cheating foundation. Social animals face non-zero-sum games in which it is advantageous to cooperate. Creatures ‘whose minds are organized in advance of experience to be highly sensitive to evidence of cheating and cooperation, and to react with emotions that compel them to play â€Å"tit for tat†, had an advantage over those who had to figure out their next move using their general intelligence.’ Social partners with reputations for certain types of behaviour are therefore labelled with words such as ‘fair’, ‘just’, and ‘trustworthy’. The third is the loyalty/betrayal foundation. It was advantageous for our ancestors to form cohesive groups when competing for territory and resources. This same behaviour can be seen in troops of chimpanzees. So humans have developed an innate predisposition to form groups. This manifests today in numerous areas, from nationalism to sports and brand loyalty. The fourth is the authority/subversion foundation. Dominance hierarchies are common among many primates, and the ability to recognise and react by forming strategic relationships yielded an evolutionary advantage. Modules of the human mind in this foundation explain why we submit to many useful but constraining societal structures, such as the police force and political leaders. The varied development of this foundation explains why different societies (modern-day China vs. America) or groups (social conservatives vs. liberals) value authority in different ways. The fifth is the sanctity/degradation foundation. Human evolution carried adaptive challenges, such as moving from tree-based to ground-based living, living in larger, denser groups, and eating more meat, some of which was scavenged. This exposed us to a greater number of pathogens and parasites, and we therefore developed a pre-emptory, in-built sensitivity to factors other than the ‘sensory properties of potential foods, friends, and mates.’ ‘Disgust and the behavioral immune system have come to undergird a variety of moral reactions, e.g., to immigrants and sexual deviants’ There are numerous criticisms of MFT, most of which are directed at one of the four main claims undergirding it: nativism, plurality, cultural learning, and intuitionism. One problem with nativism, for example, is that it is difficult to determine the extent to which the mind is ‘hardwired’. As Graham et al., put it: ‘opinions range widely from minimalist positions, which say that there is hardly any writing on the â€Å"first draft† of the mind, to maximalist positions such as massive modularity’ Indeed, the ambiguity here has led some to criticise MFT, and nativism in general, on the grounds that it lacks empirical neuroscientific evidence for the existence of modules. However, this is not reasonable at present. Given that the field is yet to ‘find a set of genes that, collectively, explains 5% of the variance in how tall people are what chance is there that anyone will find a set of genes that code for mental modules (such as loyalty or sanct ity) whose expression is far more subject to cultural influence than is height?’ There is also considerable criticism of the emphasis MFT places on intuitionism. For example, some argue ‘that that intuition and reasoning are best seen as partners in a dance, in which either partner can lead and the other will follow.’ However, whatever the prominent role of reason, this seems misleading at the very least. As has been referenced already in this essay, and as Hume showed in his Treatise, it is not clear how reason can establish the first principles from which logical argument follows. Moral axioms cannot be given a logical foundation, and to the extent that they exist in nature and are ‘hardwired’, they cannot be expressed. Therefore, they are beyond realm of reason by their very nature. To say that reasoning can lead when it is necessarily guided by intuitive first principles is therefore unsupportable. Interesting critiques come from the monists, who disagree with the pluralism hypothesis. Gray et al. believe that the care/harm foundation is the only one that is truly foundational. Graham et al. (2012) call this Procrustean, citing the fact that certain moral judgements, such as disgust, appear not to be accounted for by the care/harm foundation. Their confidence in this matter, however, is arguably misplaced. Disgust over, say, a dirty environment could be seen as a cause of harm. Perhaps those creatures with a predisposition to avoid unclean environments encountered fewer pathogens, for example, or were at less risk of being exposed to small but dangerous creatures such as spiders and snakes. Clearly, emotions, such as disgust, can potentially be explained by the care/harm foundation. The difficulty here arises in attempting to make bold comment about the way our ancestors perceived the links between various phenomena and their effects. While it is possible to argue that matters of disgust have little to do with harm, perhaps there is link that has not yet been discovered. Some critics suggest that there should also be an oppression/liberty foundation. This is the potential sixth foundation being worked on by Haidt. Others point to the fact that MFT might be missing a waste/inefficiency foundation. These critiques focus on the particular pluralisms chosen for MFT. This is really a matter of fine-tuning, rather than any fundamental. This essay has sought to explain and assess Haidt’s MTF. It has emerged that its central claims are extremely well-founded. The SIM has strong roots that date back to the empirical tradition in Britain and which still have not been successfully overturned. With the developments in psychology, neuroscience, and evolutionary biology, both intuitionism and nativism rest on firm foundations. There are philosophical and other objections that can be targeted at the pluralism element of MFT. This is not to say that it is incorrect but rather that the confidence with which the claim is made is not justified. This essay has not sought to address deontological critiques of the MFT. There are those who would argue that MFT is asking the wrong questions, namely what morality is rather than what it should be. However, given that this problem was so adequately dealt with by Hume in his Treatise, it seems appropriate that scholars building on his legacy should develop a descriptive moral the ory instead. Bibliography Berlin, Isaiah, ‘My intellectual path’ in H. Hardy (ed.), The Power of Ideas 1-23, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2001 Bruner, Jerome, The process of education, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1960 Davis, Jody L.., Rusbult, Caryl, E. ‘Attitude alignment in close relationships’, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81 (2001), pp. 65-84 Edwards, Kari., von Hippel, William, ‘Hearts and minds: The priority of affective versus cognitive factors in person perception’, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 21 (1995), pp. 996-1011. Graham, Jesse, Haidt, Jonathan, Koleva, Sena., Motyl, Matt., Iyer, Ravi, Wojcik, Sean P. and Ditto, Peter. H, ‘Moral Foundations Theory: The Pragmatic Validity of Moral Pluralism’, Advances in Experimental Social Psychology (2012) Gray, Kurt, Young, Liana, and Waytz, Adam, ‘Mind perception is the essence of morality’, Psychological Inquiry, 23, (2012), pp. 101-124 Greenwald, Anthony. G., and Banaji, Mahzarin. R, ‘Implicit social cognition’, Psychological Review, 102, (1995), pp. 4-27 Haidt, Jonathan, The righteous mind: Why good people are divided by politics and religion. New York: Pantheon, 2012 Haidt, Jonathan, ‘The Emotional Dog and Its Rational Tail: A Social Intuitionist Approach to Moral Judgment’, Psychological Review, Vol. 108. No. 4 (2001), pp. 814-834 Joyce, Richard, The Evolution of Morality, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 2005 Mineka, Susan, Cook, M., ‘Social learning and the acquisition of snake fear in monkeys’, in Thomas. R. Zentall John. B. G. Galef (Eds.), Social learning: Psychological and biological perspectives (pp. 51-74). Hillsdale, N. J.: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1988 Narvaez, Darcia, ‘Moral complexity: The fatal attraction of truthiness and the importance of mature moral functioning’, Perspectives on Psychological Science, 5 (2010), pp. 163-181 Perkins, David. N., Farady, Mike., Bushey, B., ‘Everyday reasoning and the roots of intelligence’ in Voss, James F., Perkins, David N., and J. W. Segal (Eds.), Informal reasoning and education (pp. 83-105). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, 1991 Skitka, Linda J. ‘The psychological foundations of moral conviction†, in Wright, Jennifer and Sarkissian Ryan H (eds) Advances in Moral Psychology (pp.267-281), Bloomsbury Academic Press, 2010 [Accessed 09/03/2014] http://tigger.uic.edu/~lskitka/Foundations.pdf Suhler, Christopher. L., Churchland, Patricia, ‘Can innate, modular â€Å"foundations† explain moralityChallenges for Haidt’s moral foundations theory’, Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 23(9) (2011), pp. 2103-2116 Williams, Bernard, ‘Rationalism’ in P. Edwards (Ed.) The encyclopedia of philosophy (Vols. 7-8, pp. 69-75) New York: Macmillan, 1967 How to cite Explain and assess Haidt’s ‘moral foundations’ theory, Essay examples

Symbols And Characters Of free essay sample

# 8220 ; Bread Givers # 8221 ; Essay, Research Paper Symbols and Characters of # 8220 ; Bread Givers # 8221 ; . One of the important characteristics of Judaic history throughout many centuries was migration. From the ancient pre-Roman times to medieval Spain to the present yearss the Jews were expelled from the states they populated, were forced out by political, cultural and spiritual persecution, and sometimes were motivated to go forth merely to get away economic adversity and to happen better life for themselves and for their kids. One of the interesting pages of Judaic history was a monolithic migration from Eastern Europe to America in the period between 1870 an 1920. In that period more than two million Jews left their places in Russia, Poland, Galicia, and Romania and came to the New World. The heaviest volume of that moving ridge of Judaic out-migration came between 1904 and 1908, when more than 650 1000 Judaic emigres came to the US. The Eastern European Jews fled from pogroms, spiritual persecution and economic adversity. We will write a custom essay sample on Symbols And Characters Of or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page We can larn about those times from history text books, but a better manner to understand the feelings and ideas of the fighting emigres is to larn a narrative from an insider, who herself lived there and experienced first manus all the challenges and adversities of the emigres # 8217 ; life. Anzia Yezierska # 8217 ; s novel # 8220 ; Bread Givers # 8221 ; is a narrative that lets the reader to larn about the life of Judaic Emigrants in the early Twentieth Century on Manhattan # 8217 ; s lower East Side through the eyes of a hapless immature Jewish adult female who came from Poland and struggled to interrupt out from poorness, from tyrant old traditions of her male parent, and to happen felicity, security, love and apprehension in the new state. The book is rich with symbolism. Different characters and state of affairss in the fresh typify different parts of the emigres # 8217 ; community and challenges that they faced. The characters range from the male parent, the symbol of th e Old World, to the female parent who symbolizes battles and hopelessness of the adult females of the Old World, to the sisters and their work forces, who together represent the picks and chances that opened before the immature coevals of the Judaic emigres in the New World. The male parent of the narrator, Sarah Smolinsky, is an Orthodox rabbi, Mosheh Smolinsky, with stiff antique constructs, who can non or merely does non do an attempt to recognize himself in America and spends his yearss poisoning lives of his household by prophesying his useless # 8220 ; wisdom # 8221 ; , get marrieding off his girls to work forces they don # 8217 ; t love and populating off rewards the girls earn. Father # 8217 ; s antique male chauvinist positions about adult females clearly represent the Old World with its out-of-date traditions, and life-crippling Torahs. Practically everything he preaches is contradicted by his actions and later proves to be false. For illustration, when confronted by his married woman about unpaid measures, he preaches that money is non of import and that religious life guided by God # 8217 ; s Torahs should be a end of every homo. Yet, subsequently, when the clip comes to merry off his girls, the lone thing he cares about is money. He doe s non care about his girls # 8217 ; feelings. Their desires and sentiments mean nil to him. He thinks that adult females are dense and are non capable to pick a right partner. He besides thinks that they don # 8217 ; t merit to do a pick and their felicity in matrimony is non of import. He vies all adult females, including his Daughters and married woman, as brainless slaves, who are born to function their work forces. # 8220 ; It says in the Torah, merely through a adult male has a adult female an existence. # 8221 ; he proclaims. So he sees the matrimonies of his girls merely as concern minutess between him and the highest bidder. The end of the dealing is to supply the new hubbies with retainers and give him, the male parent, a material benefit in the hereafter. He calls Sarah # 8220 ; difficult bosom # 8221 ; and blames her for abandoning him, non working in his shop, and non directing him portion of her rewards. He says that she is selfish, heartless, and does non retrieve all the # 8220 ; good # 8221 ; things that he did for her. Again, his actions contradict his words. In existent life he was the selfish, lazy autocrat who refused to work, who did non back up his household in any manner, who put all the problems of life on his married woman # 8217 ; s shoulders and sent his small girls to work, so they could back up him. He did non care that his kids did non have a nice instruction and because of that might non hold a opportunity to win in life, he did non care that that his married woman # 8217 ; s life became a sorry being, that chiefly consisted of concerns about how to do ends meet. He neer took action to do his household # 8217 ; s life easier. He found an alibi, his faith, to make nil, to work his married woman and kids, to mistreat them emotionally by his # 8221 ; preaches of wisdom # 8221 ; , and by changeless reminding that he was a adult male # 8211 ; a superior maestro, and they were dense adult females, born to be his retainers. His ain intelligence and ability for good opinion are questionable, nevertheless. He proves to be a sap on several occasions. First, he wastes all the money that his male parent in jurisprudence left him. Then he marries off his girl Mashah to a defrauder, feigning to be a diamond trader. Then he takes all his household # 8217 ; s money and overpays for a food market shop that about has no merchandize in it. He is excessively chesty to convey his married woman to measure the shop and excessively foolish to make it himself. He prefers to blow the money to assisting his married woman and girls. His vises represent the vises of the Old World, such as poverty deficiency of instruction, out-of-date traditions, deficiency of human rights for adult females, and hopelessness of their state of affairs. The lip service of his preaches show that many Old World views and Torahs are false and therefore should be rebelled against and left buttocks. Unfortunately, adult females of the Old World did non hold the option to Rebel. The Judaic society of Eastern Europe would non digest it. So the adult females had no pick but to be retainers of their work forces and their state of affairs was hopeless. Sarah’s female parent represents the hopelessness of the Old World. She was born to a comparatively affluent household, had a happy childhood and grew up to be a beautiful, spirited and happy immature adult female. But the felicity was non meant to last because her male parent decided to get married her off at the age of 14. She of course had no voice in the determination and was married to a adult male who her male parent perceived to be most educated. The â€Å"educated man† turned out to be good merely for blowing her father’s money, begeting four girls and go forthing the load of raising them wholly on her shoulders. On top of that he had an audaciousness to fault her for all his problems and to learn her his useless â€Å"wisdom† . In the terminal, the female parent from a s pirited immature beauty, who loved to dance cozachek, became an old burnout with a dead psyche, grey unhealthy face, and exanimate eyes, that projected nil but unhappiness and hopelessness. The calamity of her life was that there was nil she could make about it, there was no manner out. Her kids, nevertheless, did hold a manner out. They could arise ; they could travel against their male parent # 8217 ; s will, acquire an instruction and go self-sufficing and independent. American society would accept it and that together with other things was the promise of the New World. The 2nd coevals of emigres: Sarah and her sisters represent the new picks that Eastern European Jews had in America. Unlike their female parent, they could take to travel different ways. The picks were non easy. They required strength, bravery, finding and staying power but however they were existent. The simplest pick was to transport on the parents # 8217 ; traditions, obey them and to endure through life much like the female parent. That # 8217 ; s the pick that Sarah # 8217 ; s sister Bessie took. She did non happen an interior strength to arise against parents and injure up married to Zalmond, the fish-peddler, who was an ugly old adult male with a batch of kids, and who suffered, like many other lower East Siders, from poorness, fiscal insecurity, and the battle to go person in the new state. Poor Bessie served to his male parent until she was 30, suffered humiliation of his preaches and at the terminal could non happen bravery to run off. She merely went from one servitude to another, even more rough. Alternatively of an old maestro, her male parent, she received a new one, Zalmond. Mashah has made a similar pick merely was a little more lucky. She did hold to set up with bad intervention from her defrauder hubby but at least he was immature and she did non hold to raise stepchildren. Fania faired even better. She went off to California. Though feeling really lonely with her businessman-gambler hubby, she at least broke out of poorness. Sarah makes a radically new pick. She realizes that she can arise and win, and she has strong will to make it. The pick to arise and to acquire instruction was a wholly new pick offered by the New World. The pick was far from easy. She suffered from hungriness, poorness, disaffection, and humiliation of the ghetto but her dreams kept her spirit alive and kept her traveling. College experience was besides non easy. She was different from other pupils because she was hapless, apparent looking, and likely because she was Judaic. So she struggled to suit in. She neer did and suffered a great trade from solitariness. Sarah # 8217 ; s experience, I think, is slightly typical for a determined emigre who chooses non to give up, to be strong, and to win. Her experience and represents the battle and aspiration of the immature Jews from the lower East Side, who in the mid-twentiess received instruction and became successful members of American society. Her experience represents the aspiration of the Jews who went Hollywood and established a whole new industry, the Jews who came from hapless uneducated households and became attorneies, physicians, and business communities. Not every Young Jew became successful through an instruction. Many became economically successful by doing a speedy luck through legal, slightly legal and frequently clearly illegal ventures. Fania # 8217 ; s hubby and Max Goldstein represent that portion of immature Jewish community. Those immature work forces substituted instruction with absolute aggressive thrust, firing motive, speedy humor, and frequently willingness to interrupt the jurisprudence if it was profitable. As Max Goldstein said, # 8220 ; ? It # 8217 ; s money that makes the wheels go unit of ammunition. With my money I can hold college alumnuss working for me? I can engage them and fire them. And they, with all their instruction, are under my pess, merely because I got the money. # 8221 ; Through the lives of different characters the writer tells about battles and forfeits that any emigres have to confront when they come to a new state and seek to acquire on their pess. The first coevals normally additions the least, because older people already have profoundly rooted cultural traditions and linguistic communication barrier that do non allow them to absorb and to experience to the full at place in the new topographic point. Just like Sarah # 8217 ; s parents in # 8220 ; Bread Givers # 8221 ; the bulk of first coevals older emigres that I know experience slightly anomic and disadvantaged in America. Many of them were na? ve and thought that America was a Golden Amadina where # 8220 ; money grows on the trees # 8221 ; . Many were intelligent plenty to recognize that they were traveling to a tough land of chances where they would hold to contend and fight for a topographic point under the Sun. But those who were realistic came here anyhow, because they hoped for a b etter hereafter for their kids who could to the full profit from new chances, cultural equality, and democracy that the New World had to offer. Bibliography # 8220 ; Bread Givers # 8221 ; by Anzia Yezierska